An Overview of Hematologic Emergencies in Sickle Cell Anemia

Abstract

Sickle cell anemia (SCA) is a hematological disorder characterized by a form of hemoglobin called HbS. This results in the formation of rigid crescent-shaped red blood cells and various complications, including emergencies related to the blood. This literature review provides an overview of these emergencies, focusing on their signs, diagnostic methods, and current treatment approaches. The main feature of SCA, hemolysis, contributes to vaso-oclusive crises, where small blood vessels become blocked and cause tissue damage due to reduced blood flow. Early identification through parameters and advanced imaging techniques like magnetic resonance imaging plays a role in effective management. Acute chest syndrome, an emergency involving blocked lung blood vessels, requires recognition and aggressive treatment that includes oxygen therapy, pain relief measures, and transfusions if necessary. The increased risk of stroke in individuals with SCA necessitates detection using doppler ultrasonography, especially in pediatric patients who may benefit from long-term transfusion therapy for prevention purposes. Comprehensive care for SCA patients goes beyond managing crisis situations and includes vaccinations, genetic counseling services well, and patient education. Exciting advancements in SCA management, such as gene therapy, offer options for the future. The review highlights the importance of taking an approach to address emergencies in SCA, which involves leveraging clinical expertise conducting laboratory investigations, and exploring innovative therapies. As researchers delve deeper into the intricacies of this condition, the path to care keeps advancing in a direction. This progress brings optimism for outcomes and an improved quality of life.