Abstract
Coronavirus originated pandemic disease also called Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is spread all over the world causing severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) called SARS-CoV-2 poses a difficult challenge to scientists, researchers, and practitioners to discover effective drugs for prevention and treatment. By using a huge amount of clinical data obtained from many SARS-CoV2 infected people, clinicians are trying to gather accurate evidence for effective treatment and also developing a suitable vaccine system for the prevention of spread of infection for many more people. With no proven therapies which can treat and prevent SARS-CoV-2 is developed until now, there is an opportunity for new researchers in virology to make such an attempt at this crucial time. In this regard, currently, two strategies are active. The first kind of strategy is on developing completely new molecules to prevent and treat this disease, or the second strategy is on testing the effectiveness of already available antivirals and antimalarials for possible potential recovery and prevention. This is done by testing several antivirals (Remdesivir, Favipiravir, etc) and antimalarials (Chloroquine, Hydroxychloroquine, etc) for their potential therapies. Studies show that the most promising therapy is the use of antiviral Remdesivir. Remdesivir has shown the potential ability to exhibit vitro activity to control COVID-19. The drug is currently being tested by ongoing randomized trials. Until a widely accepted drug reaches the global market, different antiviral treatment strategies are used under urgent investigation. In this article, we review the latest research developments related to the systematic treatments for COVID-19 reported from various research labs of different countries. The article also provides a summary of various clinical research experience, intermediate results, and treatment guidance to combat the novel coronavirus epidemic based on pharmacotherapeutic analysis, along with insights to the attempts on vaccine development across the world in order to curb the COVID pandemic.
Highlights
The global pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2 member of the family Coronaviridae and order Nidovirales) started in a Chinese town called Wuhan in December 2019, and has spread to China initially and worldwide [1]
These results show that the patients who obtained convalescent plasma (CP) treatment within 14 days after initial symptoms, could recover in a better way compared to the patients who received CP treatment later in the disease course [92, 93, 97, 99]
A study promoted by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) divides the participants into three parallel arms based on the dose of a lipid nanoparticle (LNP)-encapsulated mRNA-based vaccine that encodes for the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2
Summary
Since no approved antiviral treatment for coronavirus is available and all COVID-19 treatments are mainly symptomatic, several approaches have been used to fight with viral target and cellular targets. Viral targets include Spike proteins, PLpro Envelope, Nucleaocaspid, etc and cellular targets include Type 2 pneumocytes, Furin, ACE2, transmembrane serine protease 2, Cathepsin L, Two- Pore Channel, etc
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