Abstract
In 2019, a novel severe acute respiratory syndrome called coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), was reported and was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) in March 2020. With the advancing development of COVID-19 vaccines and their administration globally, it is expected that COVID-19 will converge in the future; however, the situation remains unpredictable because of a series of reports regarding SARS-CoV-2 variants. Currently, there are still few specific effective treatments for COVID-19, as many unanswered questions remain regarding the pathogenic mechanism of COVID-19. Continued elucidation of COVID-19 pathogenic mechanisms is a matter of global importance. In this regard, recent reports have suggested that epigenetics plays an important role; for instance, the expression of angiotensin I converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor, an important factor in human infection with SARS-CoV-2, is epigenetically regulated; further, DNA methylation status is reported to be unique to patients with COVID-19. In this review, we focus on epigenetic mechanisms to provide a new molecular framework for elucidating the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 infection in humans and of COVID-19, along with the possibility of new diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.
Highlights
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)
We focus on transcription factors that bind to the angiotensin I converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) promoter region, factors that convert chroepigenetic we focus transcription factors bind to the ACE2 promoter factors that convert matincontrols
The studies using next-generation sequencing (NGS) revealed the whole sequences of SARS-CoV-2 at just 4 months from the COVID-19 pandemic [134], and the sequences were beneficial for understanding the virus genomic variants and pathogenetic mechanisms [131,132,133]
Summary
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Its symptoms are varied and range from mild to severe; common symptoms include headache, loss of sense of smell and taste, nasal congestion and leakage, cough, myalgia, sore throat, fever, diarrhea, and difficulty breathing [1,2,3,4,5] Of those with symptoms significant enough to be classified as patients in a study in China, most (81%) had mild to moderate symptoms (up to mild pneumonia), 14% had severe symptoms (dyspnea, hypoxia, or more than lung involvement on imaging), and 5% had severe symptoms (respiratory failure, shock, or multiple organ failure) [6]. COVID-19isisthus essential to forfor patients with severe ofofCOVID-19 to establish establisheffective effectivetreatment treatment patients with severe disease and to develop novel therapeutic agents. In this regard, epigenetics status such as as disease and to develop novel therapeutic agents. SARS-CoV-2 andand pathogenesis of COVID-19, discuss future diagnostic therapeutic strategies pathogenesis of COVID-19, andand discuss future diagnostic andand therapeutic strategies for for COVID-19 targeting epigenetics
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