Abstract
Tissue engineering, as an interdisciplinary approach, is seeking to create tissues with optimal performance for clinical applications. Various factors, including cells, biomaterials, cell or tissue culture conditions and signaling molecules such as growth factors, play a vital role in the engineering of tissues. In vivo microenvironment of cells imposes complex and specific stimuli on the cells, and has a direct effect on cellular behavior, including proliferation, differentiation and extracellular matrix (ECM) assembly. Therefore, to create appropriate tissues, the conditions of the natural environment around the cells should be well imitated. Therefore, researchers are trying to develop biomimetic scaffolds that can produce appropriate cellular responses. To achieve this, we need to know enough about biomimetic materials. Scaffolds made of biomaterials in musculoskeletal tissue engineering should also be multifunctional in order to be able to function better in mechanical properties, cell signaling and cell adhesion. Multiple combinations of different biomaterials are used to improve above-mentioned properties of various biomaterials and to better imitate the natural features of musculoskeletal tissue in the culture medium. These improvements ultimately lead to the creation of replacement structures in the musculoskeletal system, which are closer to natural tissues in terms of appearance and function. The present review article is focused on biocompatible and biomimetic materials, which are used in musculoskeletal tissue engineering, in particular, cartilage tissue engineering.
Highlights
The musculoskeletal system contains a variety of supporting tissues, including muscle, bone, ligament, cartilage, tendon, and meniscus, which support the shape and structure of the body
It should be noted that any biocompatible material used as a scaffold in musculoskeletal tissue engineering has a vital role in the behavior of stem cells, in particular, their proliferation and differentiation [33, 34]
The results showed that these scaffolds had unique viscoelastic properties that are very important for cartilage tissue
Summary
The musculoskeletal system contains a variety of supporting tissues, including muscle, bone, ligament, cartilage, tendon, and meniscus, which support the shape and structure of the body. It should be noted that any biocompatible material used as a scaffold in musculoskeletal tissue engineering has a vital role in the behavior of stem cells, in particular, their proliferation and differentiation [33, 34].
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