Abstract
A distributed energy resource (DER) system, which can be defined as a medium or small energy conversion and utilization system with various functions for meeting multiple targets, is directly oriented towards users and achieves on-site production and energy supply according to users’ demands. Optimization research on system construction has recently become an important issue. In this paper, simple stochastic mathematical equations were used to interpret the optimal design problem of a DER system, and based on this, a novel method for solving the optimization problem, which has multi-dimensional stochastic uncertainties (involving the price of input-energy and energy supply and demand), was put forward. A mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) model was established for the optimal design of the DER system by combining the ideas of mean value and variance, aiming to minimize the total costs, including facility costs, energy purchase costs, and loss caused by energy supply shortage, and considering the energy balance and facility performance constraints. In the end, a DER system design for an office building district in Xuzhou, China, was taken as an example to verify the model. The influences of uncertainty on the selection of system facilities and the economic evaluation were analyzed. The result indicated that uncertainty of energy demand played a significant role in optimal design, whereas energy price played a negligible role. With respect to economy, if uncertainties are not considered in system design, it will result in a short supply, and therefore the total cost will increase considerably. The calculation convergence was compared with previous work. The implementation results showed the practicality and efficiency of the proposed method.
Highlights
Yang et al [15] and Zhou et al [54] proposed an effective two-stage stochastic programming model to work out a distributed energy resource (DER) system on the basis of Monte Carlo simulations, which was respectively verified through a real case
Minimize the total mean facility cost per day, energy purchase cost, and loss caused by energy supply shortage under various operational and technical constraints
Since the uncertainties of energy supply and demand are expressed by variances, the convergence effect should be better in light of theoretical analysis
Summary
A distributed energy resource (DER) system, which is directly user-oriented and can produce energy in local areas, is a small or medium energy conversion and utilization system characterized by high versatility and the ability to meet multiple objectives [1]. It is difficult to find enough appropriate users who need heating and cooling energy near plant locations by virtue of the requirements for the site selection of large plants, leading to ineffective CCHP. A DER system can overcome this issue by being set near the demand and cooperating with users as much as possible. In this way, long-distance heating and cooling delivery, as well as power-loss of grids, are avoided [3]. The study of the optimal design of a DER system plays an important role in cutting down on facility costs, energy purchase costs, and losses caused by energy supply shortage, as well as enhancing energy efficiency
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