An ionic liquid-based nanofluid of titanium dioxide nanoparticles for effervescence-assisted dispersive liquid–liquid extraction for acaricide detection

Abstract

Phytophagous mites are usually considered a difficult problem for agricultural planting, and acaricides are applied to control diseases and pests. However, the overdose and misusage of acaricides causes pesticide residues. In this work, a simple and practical ionic liquid-based TiO2 nanofluid, effervescence-assisted, dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction (EA-DLLME) method was developed to detect acaricides in honey and tea by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC-DAD). Oleophilic TiO2 nanoparticles were synthesized by a facile solvothermal method to obtain greater stability of the nanofluid. The experimental parameters were optimized by a one-factor-at-a-time approach and included the effervescent tablet composition, ionic liquid selection, extractant composition, nanofluid volume, extraction temperature, extraction time and desorption conditions. Under the optimized conditions, the linear ranges of this proposed method were 0.5–500μgL−1, with correlation coefficients in the range of 0.9985–1.0000. The extraction efficiencies for the target analytes varied from 70.70 to 84.58%. The detection and quantitation limits were in the ranges of 0.04–0.18μgL−1 and 0.13–0.60μgL−1, respectively. The intra- and inter-day relative standard deviations (n=3) were found to range from 2.32 to 5.71%, which showed perfect repeatability. Overall, the EA-DLLME method was time-saving and environmentally friendly, with future potential for microextraction.