An Investigation of Thermal Air Degradation and Pyrolysis of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances and Aqueous Film-Forming Foams in Soil

Abstract

In this study, we found that thermal decomposition of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in soil was rapid at moderate temperatures of 400–500 °C, regardless of whether the soil was contaminated by a single PFAS compound or a PFAS mixture in aqueous film-forming foams. Substantial degradation (>99%) of PFAS in soil, including perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), short-chain homologues, cationic and zwitterionic precursors, and PFOA and PFOS alternatives, occurred in 30 min at 500 °C in both a sealed reactor in air and a horizontal reactor under a continuous flow of N2. The effect of the initial PFAS level in soil (0.001–10 μmol/g) and soil texture was insignificant, provided a sufficiently high temperature was applied. Furthermore, this study showed, for the first time, that kaolinite dramatically decreased the apparent yield of F from PFAS heated at >300 °C, likely due to the chemisorption of F radicals on kaolinite. This phenomenon was not observed when kaolinite and an inorganic fluoride salt (NaF) were thermally treated. Lastly, various nonpolar thermal degradation products of PFOA and PFOS were reported for the first time. The profile of fluorinated volatiles, particularly perfluoroalkenes, was similar between these two chemicals. The results support a radical-mediated degradation pathway of PFAS.