An investigation of lymphatic vessels in the feline dental pulp

Abstract

The existence of lymphatic vessels in the dental pulp has been a matter of continuing controversy. We have now used light microscopy to examine semithin transverse sections of perfusion-fixed incisors and canines in cats. Lymphatics were found in all the teeth studied. In most teeth they were present in the coronal, middle, and apical regions of the pulp; but in a few they were lacking coronally and in the middle. Within individual teeth, lymphatics were found in the subodontoblastic zone or more centrally in the pulp; but none were found in the odontoblast layer or in the pulp horns. Vessels located by light microscopy were subsequently examined by transmission electron microscopy. Their ultrastructural features were typical of lymphatics and included irregular, attenuated endothelium with adjacent cells joined in different ways. Occasional gaps connected the extracellular spaces with their lumens, and abluminal endothelial projections appeared to form open end bulbs. There was very little basement membrane, but anchoring filaments were found near the abluminal surface of the endothelium and near collagen fibrils. The total cross-sectional area of lymphatic vessels was measured in semithin sections and, with pulp area, increased from the coronal region to the middle. However, both areas decreased from the middle to the apical region suggesting either that lymph flows faster as it reaches the foramens of the apical delta or that some vessels leave the tooth through lateral root canals. Using the methods of light and transmission electron microscopy, therefore, we have shown that pulp lymphatic vessels exist. Questions remain, however, about their distribution within teeth, variations between teeth, and routes of exit from teeth.