An Investigation into Sustainable e‑Government in Saudi Arabia

Sustainability reporting guidelines developed by Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) provide a systematic approach for the companies to report their performance on social, environmental, and economic dimensions of sustainability. This study compared the sustainability reports of leading Indian public and private sector companies. Reports were analyzed based on GRI guidelines toward their reporting on sustainability. A numerical score from 0 to 3 was assigned for each of the 84 performance indicators (9, 30, and 45 indicators for economic, environment, and social dimensions, respectively) of the GRI 2011 guidelines based on inclusiveness of sustainability report. The analysis showed that reporting on economic dimension was comparatively better as compared to social and environmental dimensions. Sampled companies did not show much difference in their reporting practices on economic performances. However, considerable difference was observed in their reporting practices on environmental and social dimensions. Reporting practices of Tata Steel were better in all dimensions of sustainability and emerged as a responsible company on sustainability reporting.

Spatial transformation management is a crucial aspect of urban development, but integrating economic, social, and environmental dimensions is often complex and poorly coordinated. This study aims to identify the factors influencing spatial transformation management at the Center Point of Indonesia (CPI) and explore the relationships between economic, social, government policy, and environmental dimensions with spatial management. Path Analysis was used to analyze data collected through questionnaires from the community around CPI in Makassar City. The findings show that economic, social, and government policy dimensions have a significant influence on spatial transformation management, while the environmental dimension does not show a significant relationship. The implications of this research highlight the need for a holistic approach in developing sustainable cities, considering economic, social, and policy aspects in an integrated manner. Practical recommendations include increasing community participation in government policy processes and further research to deepen the understanding of factors influencing spatial transformation management.

Sustainable development is based on environmental, social, economic, and technical dimensions. In this study, the sustainability of wastewater treatment techniques in urban areas of Iraq was assessed using a multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA)/the weighted sum model (WSM). The analysis was performed on 13 operating wastewater treatment plants in 10 provinces, Iraq, using a questionnaire sheet with the assistance of 52 specialists in the Ministry of Municipalities and Public Works, Iraq. Four types of wastewater treatment techniques (Conventional Treatment, Oxidation Ditches, Aeration Lagoons, and membrane bio-reactor (MBR)) were assessed. The environmental, social, economic, and technical dimensions were represented by 11, 5, 7, and 4 indicators, respectively. The main results of this study indicate that the sustainability of MBR recorded the highest total importance; the order of the total importance from the highest to the lowest was: MBR > Oxidation Ditches > Aeration Lagoons > Conventional Treatment. The environmental dimension proved its dominance in the four studied treatment techniques' sustainability as it recorded the maximum contribution to sustainability. While the technical dimension recorded the least contribution to sustainability, the order from the highest to the lowest was: Environmental Dimension > Economic Dimension > Social Dimension > Technical Dimension.

The high population of Central Java Province has become a factor triggering the dynamics of land cover change and regional development. Uncontrolled urban expansion and development threatens sustainability. This study aims to identify the types and patterns of land cover change, the level of regional development, the index of sustainable development in environmental, social, and economic dimensions, and the typology of regencies/cities based on the index of sustainable development. This research was conducted in Central Java Province from January to April 2023 using land cover data, village potential data, provincial statistics, and administrative maps. Land-cover changes were identified using overlay analysis in QGIS. The level of regional development was determined using the scalogram. The index of sustainable development was constructed using factor analysis, while the regional typology was identified using cluster analysis. The results showed a dynamic change in forest cover, with a significant decrease from approximately 1 million hectares to 550,000 ha from 2014 to 2019. Agricultural land and built-up areas increased by 312,000 ha and 164,000 ha, respectively. A scalogram analysis indicated an improvement in the regional development index. Sustainability analysis reveals that the sustainability index in the economic dimension is lower than that in the social and environmental dimensions. The cluster analysis indexes that approximately 60.31% of the areas had a low sustainability index. All urban areas have a high sustainability index in the economic and social dimensions, otherwise in the environmental dimension.

Purpose – This study analyzes the reflections of information sharing and collaborative innovation in the social responsibility, in its environmental, economic, and social dimensions, of cooperatives that form part of strategic alliances. Design/methodology/approach – A survey was conducted of managers of Brazilian agricultural cooperatives that have strategic alliances and 91 valid questionnaires were obtained. The data collected were analyzed through structural equation modeling. Findings – Information sharing had positive effects on collaborative innovation and the environmental dimension of social responsibility. No significant relationships were found between information sharing and social responsibility, in the economic and social dimensions, nor between collaborative innovation and social responsibility, in the environmental and economic dimensions. Originality/value – The main contribution of the research is to examine the links between information sharing, collaborative innovation, and social responsibility. The study provides empirical evidence that information sharing between cooperative partnerships favors the exploration of new knowledge/technologies. It also reveals that information sharing helps social responsibility in its environmental dimension by providing information that can contribute to reducing the environmental impact of the activities of cooperative alliances. However, it suggests that information sharing influences collaborative innovation and social responsibility in its environmental dimension, but not in its economic and social dimensions.

<p><strong>Background</strong>. As a strategy to design actions aimed at sustainable development at the local level, it is necessary to carry out a thorough diagnosis of the social, economic and environmental dimensions that affect the sustainability of a community. <strong>Objective.</strong> With that in mind, this research evaluated the sustainability of the natural resource management of the productive units in the Yungañan River micro-basin in the Ecuadorian Andes in order to identify the strengths and weaknesses of their actions as well as the possible internal differences between the different management systems. <strong>Methodology.</strong> For the execution of this work, 25 indicators were developed in a participatory manner, organized into 8 attributes that respond to the social, economic and environmental dimensions, following the methodology proposed by Sarandón (2002). These indicators were evaluated in the field through interviews and the results were weighted on a scale of 0 to 4 for analysis. In order to verify similarities and differences between the different productive units, a cluster analysis was carried out and a t-test was performed to verify significant differences between the indicators evaluated. <strong>Results.</strong> If we consider each dimension analyzed, the economic dimension reached an average value of 2.14, the social dimension 1.65 and the environmental dimension 1.80. Consequently, the average of all the indicators measured through the General Sustainability Index (GSI) was 1.86, which indicates deficient sustainability in the sector, with critical values for the social and environmental dimensions. With respect to internal differences, two groups were identified that were mainly conditioned by differences in the economic dimension. <strong>Implications.</strong> <span>The main aspects to be addressed in the sector to improve its sustainability were identified and the usefulness of the methodology employed for studies of similar characteristics was highlighted.</span> <strong>Conclusions.</strong> In order to design an effective strategy for the community’s development, the strengths detected in this study must be taken into account, such as the relatively efficient management of the community’s crops, and weaknesses, such as the lack of technical training, the lack of association and the difficulties of access to the sector, as well as the internal differences detected between the different productive units.</p>

In the transformation process toward the circular economy (CE), sustainable and circular management of water resources is one of the strategic objectives. The CE requires the implementation of systematic changes in the whole value chain of water—from the collection of water from primary sources, through its use in commercial and industrial applications, to the management of the resulting waste, such as sewage or sewage sludge. To monitor the effectiveness of introducing changes during the transformation toward the CE, a monitoring framework was proposed in this paper. It contains a set of environmental, economic and social dimensions that are related to the water and wastewater sector. Those three dimensions are mutually dependent and related to each other. If a water-related company creates new green job places in a developing or emerging country, it affects positively the material standard of living (economic dimension) through knowledge and technology transfers. This also contributes to gaining better access to education and health for the local communities (social dimension). Due to this situation, income increases, and consumption also rises, so social and economic aspects are improved in the given region. The integration of analyzed three dimensions is a base of sustainability.

Sustainable logistics can be defined as all logistics activities carried out by preserving and maintaining the present and the future for generations in environmental, economic, and social dimensions. In the study, the impact levels and sub-components of the main components in environmental, economic, and social dimensions, which are important for sustainable logistics, are examined. When the environmental dimension is examined, it is seen that its sub-components are use of resource (energy, water, material, etc.), water/soil pollution, greenhouse gas emissions, noise pollution, and waste management. When the sub-components of the economic dimension are examined, it includes the components of product and service quality, cost minimization, recycling, market share/growth, and goods transport intensity. When the sub-components of the social dimension are examined, it is seen that the components of occupational health and safety, education and training, working conditions, and public health are covered. The impact levels of the main components of sustainable logistics are evaluated with the DEMATEL method, which is one of the MCDM methods. According to the DEMATEL method, while economic and environmental dimensions are in the affecting group, social dimension is in the affected group.

Objective: To address issues related to the impacts of development strategies on society and the environment based on the principles of sustainable development and public participation, as established in the Aahrus Convention in 1998. Theoretical framework: The importance of integrating concerns with ethical, social and environmental dimensions when planning and implementing infrastructure is addressed. Method: The methodology is based on bibliographical research to explore and combine the issues that represent mandatory requirements to meet the objectives of sustainable development, as well as to analyze the discrepancies between economic interests and the need to protect environmental and social values using water resources projects as an example. Results and conclusions: The fact that decision-making regarding the implementation of infrastructure is predominantly based on merely “technical-economic” aspects constitutes one of the barriers to sustainability. It is urgent to adopt feasible measures that aim to give due weight to environmental, social, cultural, ethical aspects and all those whose balance is likely to be affected by human interventions. Implications of the research: The research carried out highlights the relevance and urgency of integrating the ethical and social dimensions in the training of technicians (e.g., engineers whose activities raise significant environmental and social aspects) as a way of ensuring multidisciplinary content in their training and, thus, facilitating the understanding of the imperative nature of transdisciplinarity in the design and implementation of infrastructures that structure development. Originality/value: The work constitutes a reflection on the adaptations that urgently need to be implemented to enable territorial planning actions that holistically integrate the environmental, economic and social dimensions of sustainability.

The sustainability of agriculture in social, economic and environmental dimensions is important in terms of development policies. In this study, agricultural sustainability has been evaluated in social, economic and environmental dimensions. Twenty-one indicators were used and each dimension had 7 indicators. The research was carried out in Sarıkum Lake Basin of Sinop province in Turkey. The information obtained by face-to-face surveys with the farmers and the related statistics were used as data. The index method was used in the evaluation of these data. As a result, agricultural sustainability in the basin was found 13.95% in the environmental dimension, 9.64% in the economic dimension and 16.62% in the social dimension. The agricultural sustainability in Sarikum Lake Basin was determined as 40.21%. As a result of the study, in order to achieve economic sustainability it is necessary to increase the agricultural income, the ratio of irrigated land and the number of agricultural holdings with sufficient income. In order to ensure social sustainability, it is necessary to establish conditions to prevent migration and to ensure that farmers are satisfied with farming. In order to achieve environmental sustainability, it is necessary to increase the amount of protected area and to reduce wild animal damage.

This study aims to identify the role of the local council in achieving the local development in Khulais governorate and the degree of interaction and interest of civil society to participate in local development, and overcome its obstacles. The study was approved the descriptive analytical method in conducting this study, where the questionnaire was used to collect the initial data from the study population, which consisted of All Saudi population in Khulaisgovernorate who are over or equal to 20 years of age, and whose number reached 38,250 people. A simple random sample of 380 citizens was chosen, the questionnaires were then unloaded and analyzed using SPSS Statistical Package and the use of appropriate statistical tests, in order to reach valuable indications and indicators supporting the subject of the study. The study reached several important results, the most important of which were: The existence of an impartial response by respondents regarding the degree of effectiveness of the role of local council of Khulais Governorate. There is a correlation between the role of local council and the four dimensions of overall development (the political dimension - the environmental dimension - the social dimension - the economic dimension) in Saudi Arabia - the council of the province of Khulais model, as the value of the correlation coefficients between the role of the local council and the four overall development dimensions were 0.816. In light of the results of the study, and after reference to the discussion of the main focus of the study, the study reached several recommendations as follows: Focus on targeting local council projects and services for lower social strata to provide them with a decent life. The need to work to increase the interest of the local council in the province to follow up on community and environmental issues within the province. Intensifying initiatives organized by the local council related to contributing to the development of the local economy.

This study aims to prove the influence of CSR program implementation of economic, environmental and social dimension either partially or simultaneously to PT PJB UBJ O & M PLTU Rembang. The sample in this research is ring society 1 PT PJB UBJ O & M PLTU Rembang Leran Village, Trahan, Jurangjero and Pangkalan which amounted to 160 people. Sampling using simple random sampling method and test using multiple linear regression analysis. The results of this study indicate that the economic dimension, environmental dimension and social dimension either partially or simultaneously have a significant positive effect on company image of PT PJB UBJ O & M PLTU Rembang. The result of determination test shows that the economic dimension variable, environmental dimension and social dimension able to explain the dependent variable (corporate image) is 63,9%. While the rest of 37.1% is explained by other causes outside the model not examined in this study. Keywords: CSR, Economics, Environment, Social, Corporate Image

Swisscontact as a partner of local cocoa farmers in West Sulawesi plays an important role in improving the sustainability of cocoa farming, not only in the economy but also in the environment and social dimension. In addition, cocoa as a product has a strategic role in high impact for the regional and national economyof Indonesia. This research focused on measuring the satisfaction level of local farmers from the economic, environmental and social dimensions to extent the success of the program implemented both by Swisscontact as an International NGOs from Swiss and local cocoa farmers. This research was conducted in West Sulawesi, one of the largest cocoa producers nationally. The data were collected through interview to the 269 local cocoa farmers in Polewali, Mandar as one of the Swisscontact Partner by the Sustainable Cocoa Production Program (SSCP). The results showed that the economic dimension had a good performance as well as the environmental dimension. Meanwhile, social dimension showed a bad performance. Three of the dimensions are important for the local farmers to support in improving their income and also in producing high-quality cocoa product which is environmental and social friendly.

The Vision of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia 2030 AD encompasses the Arab and Islamic depth through a vibrant society, a prosperous economy, and an ambitious nation, which emphasized the concepts of sustainable development as its goals in several sections, such as ensuring environmental sustainability, reducing pollution of all kinds, enabling a healthy life, and enhancing identity. Nationalism, the values of justice and transparency, improving equal access to education, developing the digital economy, and other goals were consistent with the concepts of sustainable development, and in response to global trends and recommendations of previous conferences and studies, and given the pivotal role of colleges of education, the current study aimed to reveal the role of colleges of education in Achieving sustainable development goals from an educational perspective (Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University as a model), where the study relied on the descriptive analytical approach, data was collected through a questionnaire consisting of (36) statements, divided into three dimensions (the social dimension - the economic dimension - the environmental dimension), it was distributed to a sample of students (501) from the College of Education. The results of the study revealed to achieving the sustainable development goals from an educational perspective to a high degree in all their social, economic, and environmental dimensions. It is expected that the results of the study will contribute to developing the programs of colleges of education to achieve the goals of sustainable development from an educational perspective. The study developed a set of recommendations for faculty members and those in charge of the educational process at the university to prepare a generation of teacher graduates capable of competing at all levels, drawing their energy from the cultural and Islamic depth of the Kingdom.

Recently, the supply chain in the pharmaceutical sector, which is important economically to the healthcare industry worldwide, has received special attention owing to different factors involved in the distribution of drugs. Furthermore, it has an important role in global sustainability as organizations base their efficient decisions on the results from performance analysis of economic indicators. Thus, the sustainability of operations decisions must be analyzed to achieve better decision efficiency. This study integrates analytical methods of operational activities evaluation for a drug distribution center in a pharmaceutical logistic organization to analyze the sustainability of its operations. Furthermore, a proposed framework incorporates time variability management (TVM) decisions into a trade-off analysis of triple bottom-line (TBL) sustainability dimensions and operations managers’ decisions. The framework is a real-time data-gathering decision system that evaluates processes using stochastic simulation and process efficacity based on control-chart analysis and analyzes the trade-off performance. Managers’ decisions on time variability is modeled using an Analytical Hierarchy Process. The results of the trade-off analysis of sustainability and TVM indicate that economic dimensions have a higher impact on an organization than social and environmental dimensions. Managers assume that social and environmental impacts are less important to organizations’ performance. Environmental and social dimensions have different impacts on time variability decisions, where managers assume that operations’ time reduction has more impact on the social dimension, while operations’ time increase has a higher environmental impact. Thus, the framework is an effective tool for analyzing the sustainability of operations decisions, which is associated with variability analysis.