Abstract
<p class="lead">The objective of this research is to investigate the feasibility of Electromagnetic based Impedance Tomography (EMIT) for brain stroke detection, localization and classification. Electromagnetic based Impedance Tomography employing microwave imaging technique is an emerging brain stroke diagnostic modality. It relies on the significant contrast between dielectric properties of the normal and abnormal brain tissues. To study the interaction between micro-wave signals and head tissues, the simulations are performed using a geometrically simple 3-D ellipsoid head model with emulated stroke. Finite Element numerical technique is adopted to find the solution of Maxwell’s equations to measure the transmitted and backscattered signals in forward problem. Contrast Source Inversion technique is proposed to solve the inverse scattering problem and reconstruct brain images based on calculated dielectric profiles. Detailed analysis is performed to determine the safety limits of transmitted signals to minimize ionizing effects while ensuring maximum penetration. The simulations verify the inhomogeneous and frequency-dispersive behavior of brain tissue’s dielectric properties. The solution of the forward problem demonstrates the microwave signals scattering by the multilayer structure of the head model, duly validated by analytical results. The scattering phenomena can be fully capitalized by image reconstruction algorithm to obtain brain images and detect stroke presence. The initial results obtained in this research and prior work indicates that EMIT-based head imaging system has a potential for rapid stroke detection, classification, and continuous brain monitoring and offers a comparatively cost-effective solution.</p>
Highlights
A stroke is an interruption in the blood supply to brain tissues which causes a denial of oxygen and nutrients, thereby resulting in rapid loss of brain functions and often death
We have described the progress made towards the modelling of a realistic human head model and highlighted the properties that need to be incorporated in future
We have explained the results of our simple forward problem solution along with analytical analysis
Summary
A stroke is an interruption in the blood supply to brain tissues which causes a denial of oxygen and nutrients, thereby resulting in rapid loss of brain functions and often death. The hemorrhagic stroke is caused by the burst of the blood vessel, whereas ischemic stroke is caused by the blockage of blood arteries and intracranial bleeding is the most common form of TBIs [2, 3]. Both types of stroke and TBIs have some common symptoms such as; dizziness, slurred speech, difficulty swallowing and sudden numbness of body parts. A decision needs to be taken by the doctor typically within 3-4 h from the onset of stroke symptoms [4] This leads to establish the urgency to detect the type of stroke reliably. Its efficacy was tested using a Gaussian pulse (0.5–2.0 GHz at 20 dB SNR), Zubal head phantom and the 2-D finite-difference-time-domain (FDTD) method
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