Abstract
AbstractDigital manipulation has become a thriving topic in the last few years, especially after the popularity of the term DeepFakes. This chapter introduces the prominent digital manipulations with special emphasis on the facial content due to their large number of possible applications. Specifically, we cover the principles of six types of digital face manipulations: (i) entire face synthesis, (ii) identity swap, (iii) face morphing, (iv) attribute manipulation, (v) expression swap (a.k.a. face reenactment or talking faces), and (vi) audio- and text-to-video. These six main types of face manipulation are well established by the research community, having received the most attention in the last few years. In addition, we highlight in this chapter publicly available databases and code for the generation of digital fake content.
Highlights
The number and realism of digital face manipulations have been limited by the lack of sophisticated editing tools, the domain expertise required, and the complex and time-consuming process involved [2–4]
Based on these Generative Adversarial Networks (GAN) approaches, different databases are publicly available for research on the entire face synthesis manipulation
Different manipulation techniques are proposed in the literature, e.g., at image level through popular GAN architectures [84], in this group we focus on the most popular techniques Face2Face and NeuralTextures [92, 93], which replaces the facial expression of one subject in a video with the facial expression of another subject
Summary
The number and realism of digital face manipulations have been limited by the lack of sophisticated editing tools, the domain expertise required, and the complex and time-consuming process involved [2–4]. This is of special importance in the era we live in as most media fake content is usually shared on social networks, whose platforms automatically modify the original image/video, for example, through compression and resize operations [19, 20] This first chapter is an updated adaptation of the journal article presented in [1], and serves in this book as an introductory part of the most popular digital manipulations with special emphasis to the facial content due to the large number of possible harmful applications, e.g., the generation of fake news that would provide misinformation in political elections and security threats [42, 43], among others.
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