An intelligent biosensing procedure based on three-way calibrations and generation of second-order hydrodynamic square wave voltammetric data for detection of DNA damage and simultaneous biosensing of three polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

Abstract

In this work, we have generated second-order hydrodynamic square wave voltammetric (HSWV) data and analyzed them by multivariate curve resolution-alternating least squares (MCR-ALS) for simultaneous determination of the rates of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) damages induced by benzo(a)pyrene (BP), dibenzo(a,e)pyrene (DBP) and indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene (IP). A thick-film boron doped diamond electrode (TFBDDE) was used as the platform of the biosensor, and it was modified by graphene (GR), cobalt nanoparticles (Co NPs), horseradish peroxidase (HRP), and DNA. The double stranded DNA and HRP were immobilized onto the surface of Co NPs/GR/TFBDDE by the use of nafion. The HRP in the presence of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) can mimic enzymatic effects of cytochrome P450 (CP450) to metabolize BP, DBP, and IP to cause DNA damage. The HSWV responses of DNA-HRP/Co NPs/GR/TFBDDE to BP, DBP, and IP were individually calibrated to obtain individual rates of DNA damages induced by BP, DBP, and IP. Then, the second-order HSWV data were generated and modeled by parallel factor analysis2 (PARAFAC2), MCR-ALS, multi-way partial least squares/residual bilinearization (N-PLS/RBL), and unfolded partial least squares/residual bilinearization (U-PLS/RBL) to choose the best second-order calibration model for simultaneous determination of rates of DNA damages induced by BP, DBP and IP. The biosensor assisted by MCR-ALS showed the best performance among the mentioned algorithms, and it was expanded to simultaneous determination of BP, DBP and IP whose performance was compared by the biosensor assisted by amperometric data as well. Interestingly, the biosensor assisted by amperometric data and RBF-PLS showed a better performance in simultaneous determination of BP, DBP and IP. The biosensor assisted by amperometric data and RBF-PLS was successful in simultaneous determination of BP, DBP and IP in wastewater samples as real matrices. Protective effects of the Myrtus communis L extract against DNA damage was also investigated, and our records confirmed antioxidant effects of Myrtus communis L extract against DNA damage.