Abstract
Anthocyanin is a type of flavonoid pigment widely present in fruits and vegetables. It can not only be used as natural pigment, but also has a variety of health functions, for instance, anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, and neuroprotective activities. Persistent proinflammatory status is a major factor in the development, progression, and complications of chronic diseases. Not surprisingly, there are thus many food ingredients that can potentially affect inflammation related diseases and many studies have shown that anthocyanins play an important role in inflammatory pathways. In this paper, the inflammation related diseases (such as, obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer) of anthocyanins are introduced, and the anti-inflammatory effect of anthocyanins is emphatically introduced. Moreover, the anti-inflammatory mechanism of anthocyanins is elaborated from the aspects of NF-κB, toll like receptor, MAPKs, NO, and ROS and the main efficacy of anthocyanins in inflammation and related diseases is determined. In conclusion, this review aims to get a clear insight into the role of anthocyanins in inflammation related diseases.
Highlights
Inflammation is a normal physiological response, which is the protective response of the innate immune system to pathogens and injuries, usually temporary, and is one of the body0 s oldest defense mechanisms [1]
Van de Velde et al extracted anthocyanins from strawberry and blackberry, and found that the extract had 20% inhibitory effect on COX-2 gene expression by LPS stimulated raw 264.7 macrophage model, and the results showed that the anti-inflammatory effect of anthocyanins was significant [92]
Anthocyanins rapidly increase the oxidative function of mitochondria in muscle cells and brown adipose tissue after supplementing energy to increase the body’s energy metabolism rate, which can prevent obesity
Summary
Inflammation is a normal physiological response, which is the protective response of the innate immune system to pathogens and injuries, usually temporary, and is one of the body0 s oldest defense mechanisms [1]. Studies have shown that a chronic inflammatory environment is a risk factor for cancer. Many previous studies have shown that inhibition of TNF-α expression can effectively reduce endothelial dysfunction [10,11]. Anthocyanins widely exist in plant cell fluid and are secondary metabolites of plants, such as berries, soybean seed, purple potato, purple cabbage, and black carrot [13] They have different colors in different environments. Anthocyanins are flavonoid compounds formed by glycosidic bonds between anthocyans and sugars They are polyhydroxy and methoxy derivatives of 2-benzopyrene or xanthate ions. In view of the important role of inflammation in various diseases, this paper reviews the therapeutic effect of anthocyanins on inflammatory related diseases, and discusses the potential anti-inflammatory mechanism of anthocyanins from three aspects: Toll like receptor, MAPKs, and NF-κB and oxidative stress. Anthocyanins, as a natural pigment, are non-toxic and harmless, and play an anti-inflammatory role in various inflammatory diseases
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