An Innovative Digestion Method: Ultrasound-Assisted Electrochemical Oxidation for the Onsite Extraction of Heavy Metal Elements in Dairy Farm Slurry

Chenyu Li,Zhiqiang Shen,Chen Zhao,Haoqi Xu,Bin Xue,Xiaobo Yang,Shang Wang,Shengqi Su,Lin Dai,Zhigang Qiu,Xi Zhang,Jingfeng Wang,Run Zhao

doi:10.3390/ma14164562

Abstract

Dairy farm slurry is an important biomass resource that can be used as a fertilizer and in energy utilization and chemical production. This study aimed to establish an innovative ultrasound-assisted electrochemical oxidation (UAEO) digestion method for the rapid and onsite analysis of the heavy metal (HM) contamination level of dairy slurry. The effects of UAEO operating parameters on digestion efficiency were tested based on Cu and Zn concentrations in a dairy slurry sample. The results showed that Cu and Zn digestion efficiency was (96.8 ± 2.6) and (98.5 ± 2.9)%, respectively, with the optimal UAEO operating parameters (digestion time: 45 min; ultrasonic power: 400 W; NaCl concentration: 10 g/L). The digestion recovery rate experiments were then operated with spiked samples to verify the digestion effect on broad-spectrum HMs. When the digestion time reached 45 min, all digestion recovery rates exceeded 90%. Meanwhile, free chlorine concentration, particle size distribution, and micromorphology were investigated to demonstrate the digestion mechanism. It was found that 414 mg/L free chorine had theoretically enough oxidative ability, and the ultrasound intervention could deal with the blocky undissolved particles attributed to its crushing capacity. The results of particle size distribution showed that the total volume and bulky particle proportion had an obvious decline. The micromorphology demonstrated that the ultrasound intervention fragmented the bulky particles, and electrochemical oxidation made irregular blocky structures form arc edge and cellular structures. The aforementioned results indicated that UAEO was a novel and efficient method. It was fast and convenient. Additionally, it ensured digestion efficiency and thus had a good application prospect.

Highlights

IntroductionDairy farm slurry is an important, cheap biomass resource [1,2,3] rich in mineral nutrients and lignocellulose
This study reported an innovative digestion method based on ultrasound-assisted electrochemical oxidation (UAEO) theory
The results showed that an increase in NaCl concentration led to more working current and higher digestion efficiency until the NaCl concentration exceeded 10 g/L

Summary

Introduction

Dairy farm slurry is an important, cheap biomass resource [1,2,3] rich in mineral nutrients and lignocellulose. With the rapid increase in the number of large-scale livestock farms in the last few years in China, plenty of livestock feces and slurry are discharged into the nearby natural environment, resulting in ecological pressure [4,5]. Practical experience indicates that returning cropland is the most practical and common treatment approach for farm slurry because it is rich in nutrients (N, P, and K) [11]. The HMs in farm slurry can be fixed in the soil along with returning cropland, keeping an average concentration of several mg/kg to tens of mg/kg for a long time [12]. Excessive HMs may accumulate in specific human organs and interact with proteins and enzymes, making them damaged or inactive [13]

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