Abstract
Continuous positioning and tracking of multi-pedestrian targets is a common concern for large indoor space security, emergency evacuation, location services, and other application areas. Among the sensors used for positioning, the ultra-wide band (UWB) is a critical way to achieve high-precision indoor positioning. However, due to the existence of indoor Non-Line-of-Sight (NLOS) error, a single positioning system can no longer meet the requirement for positioning accuracy. This research aimed to design a high-precision and stable fusion positioning system which is based on the UWB and vision. The method uses the Hungarian algorithm to match the identity of the UWB and vision localization results, and, after successful matching, the fusion localization is performed by the federated Kalman filtering algorithm. In addition, due to the presence of colored noise in indoor positioning data, this paper also proposes a Kalman filtering algorithm based on principal component analysis (PCA). The advantage of this new filtering algorithm is that it does not have to establish the dynamics model of the distribution hypothesis and requires less calculation. The PCA algorithm is firstly used to minimize the correlation of the observables, thus providing a more reasonable Kalman gain by energy estimation and the denoised data, which are substituted into Kalman prediction equations. Experimental results show that the average accuracy of the UWB and visual fusion method is 25.3% higher than that of the UWB. The proposed method can effectively suppress the influence of NLOS error on the positioning accuracy because of the high stability and continuity of visual positioning. Furthermore, compared with the traditional Kalman filtering, the mean square error of the new filtering algorithm is reduced by 31.8%. After using the PCA-Kalman filtering, the colored noise is reduced and the Kalman gain becomes more reasonable, facilitating accurate estimation of the state by the filter.
Highlights
In recent years, with the rapid development of location-based service (LBS) applications, indoor positioning research in large indoor spaces has received increasing attention from scholars
Because the acoustic waves are affected by the environment in the process of propagation, the stability and positioning accuracy are not yet ideal and the usage scenarios of a positioning system consisting of single means is very limited
This contribution proposes a novel indoor positioning method fusing the ultra-wide band (UWB) and vision because the UWB and visual technology are highly complementary in the positioning process
Summary
With the rapid development of location-based service (LBS) applications, indoor positioning research in large indoor spaces (such as underground parking lots and large commercial complexes) has received increasing attention from scholars. The developed system and method have high robustness and efficiency, the large amount of computation due to the richness of information contained in the 3D point cloud map makes the positioning system insufficient in real time. This contribution proposes a novel indoor positioning method fusing the UWB and vision because the UWB and visual technology are highly complementary in the positioning process. The problem of solving the tag coordinate is transformed into deducing the optimum solution of Equation (2)
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