Abstract
The paradigm of “divide and conquer” has been well used in Water Distribution Systems (WDSs) zoning planning in recent years. Indeed, Water Network Partitioning (WNP) has played an irreplaceable role in leakage control and pressure management; meanwhile it also has certain drawbacks, such as reduction of the supply reliability of the pipe network system and increased terminal dead water, as a result of the closure of the pipe section. In this paper, an improvement is made to the method proposed by Di Nardo et al. (2013) for optimal location of flow meters and valves. Three improvements to the genetic algorithm are proposed in this work for better and faster optimization in the dividing phase of WNP: preliminary hydraulic analysis which reduces the number of decision variables; modifications to the crossover mechanism to protect the superior individuals in the later stage; and boundary pipe grouping and mutation based on the pipe importance. The objective function considers the master–subordinate relationship when minimizing the number of flow meters and the difference of hydraulic state compared to original WDS. Another objective function of minimizing the deterioration of water quality compared to original WDS is also evaluated. The proposed method is applied for the WNP in a real WDS. Results show that it plays an effective role in the optimization of layout of the flow meters and valves in WNP.
Highlights
As one of the most crucial municipal infrastructures, Water Distribution Systems (WDSs) play an irreplaceable role in social and economic development
The creation of District MeteredAreas (DMAs) can help the implementation of pressure management [2] with the use of Pressure-Reducing Valves (PRVs), allowing a low level of leakage to be kept in the whole network system; replacing the PRVs with PATs (Pumps as Turbines) in the water distribution network has proven to be useful for energy recovery [3,4], which has huge application prospects in the future
Through a comparison between two final optimal schemes based on different objective functions, we find there are just two different flow meter locations (OF3: pipe index of 277, 698; OF4: pipe index of 488, 749)
Summary
As one of the most crucial municipal infrastructures, Water Distribution Systems (WDSs) play an irreplaceable role in social and economic development. There was no doubt that it brought higher reliability of supply service but we cannot ignore the management inconvenience, especially the difficulty of water loss evaluation in such a complicated WDS, resulting in failure to detect leaks and pipe bursts in time, which were extremely harmful to the sustainable development of the social ecology [1]. Water 2019, 11, 1087 roles than water metering. Some studies have shown that the division of DMAs do have a function of protecting the system from water contamination [5] and a better detection of pipe bursting [6]
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