Abstract
Urinary diseases affect the quality of life of millions of patients around the world, and the monitoring of bladder volume is an essential indicator for the evaluation of urinary system performance. By introducing shape memory polymers and biocompatible materials, this study designed an implantable sensor based on triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) and implanted it into the outer wall of the ureter of a large animal, enabling real-time monitoring of ureteral peristalsis. In addition, the incorporation of a shape memory polymer gives the implantable triboelectric nanogenerator (iTENG) the ability to recover its shape at body temperature, which ensures that the sensor always retains its shape even after prolonged operation in the body. The addition of biocompatible materials allows the sensors to be implanted into living organisms for extended periods without biotoxicity. The experiments reveal that the designed iTENG exhibits outstanding sensitivity and durability, accompanied by some anti-interference capabilities. The iTENG is expected to improve patient comfort as a novel approach to urological monitoring.
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