Abstract
An icon of Christ at Mt. Sinai has long been understood as the earliest Crusader icon, executed by a French or English painter in ca. 1150. Yet many features find closer parallels in the miniatures of a Coptic-Arabic Gospel book made in Egypt in 1250. This style, also found in contemporary Islamic miniatures, represents a symbiosis of Byzantine and Islamic painting, a synthesis that did not continue in the following century. Islamic painting developed in other directions, and Christian painting in Egypt was either subsumed by the dominant Muslim culture or else faithfully reproduced new Byzantine styles.
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