An Exploratory Study of the Nutritional Composition of Tanoak (Lithocarpus densiflorus) Acorns after Potassium Phosphonate Treatment

Abstract

Native American Pomo communities who live in the Northern Coastal range of California and consume acorns from tanoak trees as part of traditional diets are facing the potential loss of many culturally important trees to sudden oak death. Pomo and other Native American communities are reluctant to use the protective fungicide, potassium phosphonate, on trees used for acorn collection without information on how the treatment affects acorn properties. In this study, select macronutrients and polyphenolics were quantified in tanoak acorns to evaluate the influence of potassium phosphonate treatment on the composition and nutritional value of tanoak acorns. Of the fatty acids tested from C14:0 to C20:1, only C17:0 was significantly lower (p < 0.05) in the nontreated and treated acorns after the first year. There were no differences detected in total phenolic content, gallic acid content, or ellagic acid content. Protein, phosphorus, and potassium levels were not significantly affected by fungicide treatment. Soluble glucose and fructose levels were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in both nontreated and treated groups after the first year; soluble sucrose levels did not change. Total glucose, starch, and total nonstructural carbohydrates increased significantly (p < 0.05) in the nontreated group after the first year but not in the treatment group; however, the treatment group values did not differ significantly from the control group values at baseline. The lack of any negative significant differences between acorns from treated and untreated tanoak trees implies that sodium phosphonate application for the prevention of sudden oak death does not impact the predominant polyphenolics or macronutrient quality of tanoak acorns.