An experimental investigation on predicting the fracture toughness distributions in ferritic-austenitic stainless steel dissimilar metal welds from spherical indentation tests

Abstract

This study provides an experimental investigation on predicting the fracture toughness distributions in dissimilar metal welds (DMWs) connecting the nozzle of reactor pressure vessel (made of low-alloy steel) and the safety end of pipes (made of stainless steel). Indentation energy to fracture model with three criteria (namely the critical stress, critical strain, and critical damage variable, CDV) and the energy release rate (ERR) model were introduced into fracture toughness predictions from spherical indentation tests (SITs). It was found that consistency of the fracture toughness KIC calculated from the repeated tests using the critical strain criterion and ERR model is even higher than that from mini-CTs, while high dispersion predictions were observed in critical stress criterion. Compared with the CDV criterion, the ERR model focuses on the dissipation energy required to form unit area “equivalent-crack” (i.e., the rate) rather than the whole indentation energy till a critical depth, and thus it is less affected by the absolute value of damage variations in three repeated SITs. Source of errors were first investigated through the damage developments in uniaxial tensile specimens manufactured from different zones of the DMWs, which proves the CDV varies from 0.1 to 0.25 and thus shall not be regarded as a constant. Then, SEM observations were conducted on both the fracture surfaces from mini-CTs and the section surfaces from SITs, indicating both the changes in fracture mechanism (from ductile dominated to the joint effort of ductile void developments and cleavage micro-crack propagations) and the existence of small initial voids from welding lead to the errors in damage-mechanics-based predictions.