AN EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF THERMAL PERFORMANCE OF CONVENTIONAL HEAT PIPE WITH WATER, ACETONE AND METHANOL AS WORKING FLUID

Human beings have had beautiful dreams for a harmonious world since centuries ago; this can be termed cosmopolitanism, shijie datong, or global community. Based on theories expounded by Confucius, Tönnies, Anderson, Bauman, Derrida, and Appiah, we closely examine the concept of “global cultural community” or “international community”, that is, the community involving individuals or groups of two or more countries by way of textual analysis, with James Welch’s The Heartsong of Charging Elk as an example. Through an analysis of the plot in the novel, we find that the American Indian protagonist Charging Elk integrates into the local French culture, while retaining his indigenous cultural identity, and thus negotiates a global community. This finding is also evaluated in the context of all five novels by Welch and in a broader scope of American Indian literature with inter-continental themes. The studies on cosmopolitanism or global community in American Indian literature can play an important role in exploring the construction of a global community for humanity for a shared future.

Globalisation has significantly altered the scale at which social structures are organised and experienced. The erosion of spatial boundaries has liberated social experience from the constraints of the local. While globalisation is often portrayed as heralding a single global culture and community, in reality globalisation is heralding the emergence of multiple global communities. The gentrifying class constitutes one such emergent global community. Premised upon notions of affluence and prestige, gentrification constitutes a local socio-spatial strategy of identity construction that is increasingly commodified. This commodification erodes the symbolic significance of local gentrification processes. In order to maintain a distinctive identity, numerous gentrifiers are projecting their identity from the scale of the local onto the scale of the global. In doing so, these individuals actively position themselves as a global elite community.

T he U.S. societal enterprise that we call science is superb. Its remarkable power and reach as part of the international scientific community today are unique in history. But we must remember that American scientific expertise in virtually every field has been leveraged by the rise over the past 40 years of this global scientific community. The phenomenon of world science has been driven largely by U.S. initiatives: money for research; competition for funding; an emphasis on innovation; and, most important, a powerful, open, and innovative scientific culture fostered in our laboratories, companies, and especially our universities. English is the language of science today not because of the English industrial revolution or even because of giants like Newton, Faraday, Maxwell, and Darwin, but because of what has happened to science in this country since World War II. The reality of this phenomenon is particularly evident in the biological sciences. The knowledge explosion in biology over the past few decades has been dramatic and thoroughly international. Having spawned a global community that depends on it, the United States is also fully dependent on that community for its own technical strength and to drive the research in commercial, educational, and even military technical enterprises in our own country. The people trained here—foreign postdoctoral fellows and graduate students—form an essential part of most U.S. research teams. If they return home, they become influential scientists in their own countries, and, as key foreign collaborators, bring their energy, creativity, and ideas to the global enterprise on which U.S. laboratories depend. If these foreign-born scientists remain here, they often find themselves in leadership positions in U.S. scientific organizations. For example, more than 50% of new faculty appointed in U.S. research universities are foreign-born. If the United States retreats and cuts itself off from the global community it has helped create—and it is showing distressing signs of doing just that—our future science will be doomed to mediocrity. The only uncertainty will be the rapidity of that decline. The United States has benefited remarkably from tapping into a wide range of global talent, energy, and scientific creativity. The foundations of a truly global scientific community have been well laid. We're too dependent now to withdraw. The internationalists among us are proud of America's accomplishments; the isolationists fear our dependence on the rest of the world. In ignorance or defiance of the global reality of modern scientific research and the transient nature of its leading edge, the United States is embarked on a path to further its national security by enacting policies that will inevitably degrade its scientific strength. Immigration restrictions imposed by the Immigration and Naturalization Service are thwarting the ambitions of scientists, including many trained here, to contribute to scientific advances in the United States. New U.S. policies could restrict even further the base of scientists who fuel the technical engine here at home. Government-imposed limits on the publication of research results, in the name of homeland security, would inhibit the international collaboration that in turn fertilizes the global community and advances our own programs. In short, the international character of the scientific enterprise is in danger, and, if lost, the U.S. technology edge will go with it. History is replete with examples of the consequences of losing the edge in technical innovation. The slide to mediocrity may take a decade or more, going undetected until it's too late to easily recover. By the time the slippage becomes too evident to ignore, it will take decades to correct. This threat to our long-term security is as real today as are terrorists, if more subtle. Like it or not, the United States has the ability, and perhaps the will, to help keep an unpredictably dangerous world stable. We cannot afford to blunt that capability by undercutting our science, for that would be a double loss to the world. Knowledge is central to our security, and scientific knowledge is key. In a world where security and unity are threatened daily, the global reality of a worldwide scientific enterprise represents both a real value and a symbol of the security of humanity. Let's not throw it away.

Environment and health are considered global common good because both health and environment makes the world a global community. A global public health disaster like the Covid-19 pandemic automatically reminds us that we are a global community and that no one exists without the other's support. Hence, the deterioration of one part of the world is a threat to the global community. An outbreak of pandemic in one part of the world is also a threat to the global community, for example, SARS, Ebola, and the ongoing COVID 19. Environmental degradation and pandemic breed chaos, violence, anarchy, fear, death, and infections. They make people vulnerable to diseases and death. Environment and health are also linked to global security. The scarcity of resources, especially renewable ones, is a threat to global peace – eco-violence. Health too is linked positively to security and socio-economic development because epidemics and pandemics are not only threats to human health; they also hurt economic and socio-political life. The outbreak of Coronavirus is an excellent example. It causes anxiety, fear, and worry about biosecurity and micro-organisms that can be used as bioweapons. Therefore, there is a connection between health, environment, and security. These three elements connect all human beings directly or indirectly together. In the recent past, Africa and West Africa have witnessed some epidemics like Ebola and lesser fever that threaten the region and the global community. Health, environment, disease, and the divinity in African are linked together because ill-health is understood from religious and environmental backgrounds. Therefore, the ongoing Covid-19, because of its mode of transmission, is environmentally linked. The presentation discusses: the global health community, the relationship between human beings and nature, and African understating of health.

The Global Fund under Peter Sands

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to analyze the case of a school on the Caribbean island of Sint Maarten that was created to serve students who had experienced educational and other injustices in the broader society. Design/methodology/approach Using qualitative methods, the paper explores two research questions: how did Triumph Multiage School (TMS) conceptualize community and the goals of education, and how did these perspectives reflect or diverge from those of the local, national, and global educational communities to which TMS was connected? What was the nature of curriculum knowledge at TMS, and what points of alignment and difference existed among TMS’ curriculum knowledge and those of its local, national, and global educational communities? Findings Analysis found points of symmetry and disjunctures among TMS’ conceptualization of community, purposes of education, and curriculum and those of the local, national, and global educational communities to which it was connected. However the strength of ideological and sociopolitical boundaries separating TMS and its local and national communities constrained opportunities for building professional community and curriculum knowledge across them. Originality/value The paper contributes to research on the creation of new schools and teacher professional communities by demonstrating the need to expand the construct of community to include local and trans-global dimensions. Such a reconceptualization of community is essential for building professional capital and community that will equip schools and teachers to meet the social and educational needs of student populations in a globalized world.

This paper discusses information and communication technology-driven options for local and global communities aimed at supporting rapid responses to public health emergencies. Our examples stem from local groups within the U.S. where recent events are spurring a dynamic response to the problem of communication and community roles in emergency scenarios. Other examples focus on local communities’ impact from international collaboration in philanthropic efforts that are geared towards using ICT for addressing training and education needs in health pandemics, such as HIV/AIDS. We introduce the case of the Infectious Disease Institute treatment and learning Center in Uganda as an example of global and local community coordination for the treatment and prevention of one of the world’s largest pandemic. Our analysis of the local and global community suggests focusing on the management of communication during public health crises to better understand the complexities and variations presented in these communities. Leveraging experiences from media-technology literature findings and emergency-response efforts, we seek to identify tools that enable effective communication among the different stakeholders that work to address public health crises. We argue that the planning and deployment of effective responses in several countries can be supported by the emerging availability of broadband communication networks both in developed and developing nations.

In this paper, we employ cultural sociology and Braj Kachru's model of World Englishes as theoretical and analytical tools for considering English as a form of capital necessary for widely disseminating research findings from local networks of practice to the greater science education research community. We present a brief analysis of recent authorship in top‐tier science journals to demonstrate the salience of English language dominance as an issue in our field and we share narrative reflections from 11 international science education researchers offering perspectives from the field about the challenges faced by researchers in local and global contexts. Using an interpretive research stance, we discuss these narrative reflections to illuminate the role of personal and collective responsibility of individuals, organizations and institutions within local social networks of practice to recognize the relationship between capital, power, and equitable participation within a global science education research community. We conclude by discussing some existing structures within local networks of practice that relegate some members of the community to peripheral participatory roles in the global community and we suggest new structures to support individuals to more equitably contribute to the production of knowledge in the field of science education in ways that benefit not only individuals, but also the global science education community. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc., Inc. J Res Sci Teach 48: 592–623, 2011

This year's XXII World Congress of Philosophy met on July 30-August 05 in Korea under the Congress's theme Rethinking Philosophy Today. This is a congress which meets every five years. Last time it met in 2003 in Turkey and the next time will be in Greece, the homeland of philosophy indeed, in 2013. Philosophers and philosophy teachers from more than eighty-two countries participated in this quintessential philosophy congress. Most of them including myself presented papers at a series of different sessions. Almost all of the rest of the countries except my own country had more than one delegate. I was the single delegate from Nepal. This speaks much about ourselves besides the fact of our economic hardship, because participation from 'poor' countries like Ethiopia, Sudan, and Nigeria included more than a single delegate. Despite some bitter feelings about our backwardness, I represented my country with a high feeling. The XXII Congress was important for us Asians, because it is the first ever of these congresses to have met on Asian soil in the long history of its one hundred and eight years. It was an opportunity to display the beauty and strength of our philosophical systems and traditions to the global communities. The heavy presence of philosophers from China, India, Japan and Korea definitively asserted what was Asian in the congress. Nepali representation at such a historic congress was very crucial for the promotion of the Nepali image in the global intellectual community, and I was very conscious of this fact. Who we are matters in how far we engage in dialogue with the global community. Our long isolationism can no longer help us to define who we are. For the first time in the history of the Nepali philosophical tradition, I stood high in front of a colorful gathering of very distinguished philosophers and spoke in a Nepali voice about our interest in the establishment of a cooperative society for philosophy and humanistic studies in South Asia. I was quite aware that we alone could do nothing unless intellectual colleagues of our neighboring countries extended their helping hands. But I was proud when Professor Bhuvan Chandel, current Secretary of the Centre for Studies in Civilizations in New Delhi, embraced me saying Nepal is our identity! after the gathering. At least we could make our presence and influences known and felt to our own Indian counterparts. Finally, I realized that the global community (although we can question the validity of such a community) is welcoming us to come up with our own voice. They are sympathetic to listening to our voice. How much we want to come out of our 'exotic' hibernation depends on us. Whether we want to maintain same past isolationism in a kind of illusory prelapsarian bliss, or whether we want to come up to the global front is up to us. Keeping the local sovereignty intact and letting it interact with the global is a need of every society today. To initiate a dialogue with the global does not necessarily mean to be westernized. Unfortunately, some of our people still suffer from this common misconception. The truth as it appears to me is that we must properly interact with the global, not only to resist what we are not but also to assert what we are, culturally and socially. …

AimSoils and their biological communities face increasing pressure from multiple global drivers, including land management and climate change. In soils, earthworms play key roles in ecosystem functioning, but the environmental controls on their global communities are not fully understood. Here, an earthworm dataset was compiled to investigate the effects of environmental variables and land management on global earthworm communities.Location40° S–65° N.Time period1962 to 2016.Major taxa studiedEarthworms.MethodsA dataset of 899 earthworm community observations, together with environmental variables, was compiled across 169 globally distributed sites. Sites included natural forest and grassland or managed arable, pasture and plantation ecosystems. Total, anecic, endogeic and epigeic abundances and total species richness were compared in natural and managed ecosystems to quantify the effects of land management across climates. A hierarchical model was used to test the importance of environmental controls in predicting the relationship between total earthworm species richness and abundance at a global scale.ResultsLand management prompted little change in total earthworm abundance at the global scale, but reduced species richness and shifted community composition. Endogeic earthworms were more abundant in managed ecosystems, while anecic and epigeic earthworms showed variable responses across ecosystem types. Global relationships between total earthworm species richness and abundance were explained by climate, soil pH and land management.Main conclusionsLand management modulates the effects of environmental controls on global earthworm communities, through direct disturbance and indirect changes in edaphic conditions.

In this lecture, I will deal with the justification and the nature of the global human community as different from the international community of nation states. I divided the lecture in three parts. In the first part, I will provide four arguments for the legal establishment of this human global community. In the second part, I will describe the features of this global community from a legal perspective. In the third part I will make some proposals about how to organize the human global community.

In this paper, I test the common assumption that Japanese firms strive to appropriate knowledge from the global scientific community while sharing little in return. I found no support for this conventional perspective in the flat panel display industry. U.S. firms shared no more knowledge with their global scientific community than Japanese firms. Similarly, Japanese firms appropriated no more knowledge from the global community than their U.S. counterparts.

In 2016 the United Nations published the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). It quickly became clear that information is a catalyst for almost every goal, and enhancing information access is necessary to achieve and ultimately improve global community life. The Biodiversity Heritage Library (BHL) is therefore an invaluable resource for redressing inequallities as it provides information and literature as an open access library. But there are also still hurdles to overcome to ensure information for all. In the following, we will focus on technical developments outlined in the BHL’s technical strategy. One challenge is the different digital infrastructures resulting in limited access to the web-based BHL. In 2019, only 53.6% of the global population accessed the internet (Clement 2020). Even if the reasons for this are diverse, we assume that network coverage is a problem we have to address. One focus of the BHL's technical strategy is to support and provide solutions for remote areas with no or low bandwidth connection. Furthermore the technical strategy focuses on the provision of services and tools for various usage scenarios by implementing a responsive design. In 2019, mobile devices, such as mobile phones and tablets, accounted for 54% of all page views worldwide (Poleshova 2020). Even though a differentiated view must be taken of which devices are used for which scenario, it can be assumed that mobile devices will be used more frequently in everyday scientific life, for example in field research. By a responsive design of the BHL website, we address this trend in technological development and media usage in order to remain a user-friendly research infrastructure in the future. Another challenge is the multilingual user experience. The multilingualism of BHL will become an essential part of the technological development to address the global biodiversity community and to reflect the worldwide biodiversity research. We aim to achieve this through a multilingual user interface and multilingual search options. The services and tools mentioned above require a high quality database, especially machine-readable text. The improvement of optical character recognition (OCR) is fundamentally important for further technological developments. Good OCR results ensure a comprehensive search in the entire corpus, and with further technological possibilities, data could be added that goes beyond the pure text. Currently taxonomic names are parsed and linked to the Encyclopedia of Life (EOL), giving users the opportunities to search for taxonomic synonyms. In the future, this enrichment could be used for more data, such as collection data, geographical names, etc. In the challenge of improving and enriching the data, the BHL will depend on its large community, for example in crowdsourcing transcription projects. In order to reach those objectives and to continue to offer BHL's services to the global community in the best possible way, we need to monitor best practices in digital library and bioinformatics developments and implement them wherever possible. The BHL consortium will have to rely on partnerships and collaborations to fulfill this plan. We are therefore looking into cooperation with other consortia and will also explore alternative technological development models where third parties would develop apps and services from open BHL data. Taking all the mentioned approaches into account, the BHL will develop from a mainly literature library to a data library. It will be our task to create open source software and tools, like better APIs, to support the re-use of the data. This goes along with the aim to increase the awareness of the BHL within the biodiversity community as it is set in the BHL Strategic Plan 2020-2025 (Biodiversity Heritage Library 2020). To draw a conclusion, the BHL's technical strategy focuses on five main objectives to advance information access for the biodiversity community worldwide: Improve global awareness and accessibility Enhance machine-readability of BHL content for data re-use Identify resources needed to achieve the technical plan Ensure continued priorities and leadership for technical infrastructure Implement BHL 2020 Technical Priority Plan (Biodiversity Heritage Library 2020). Improve global awareness and accessibility Enhance machine-readability of BHL content for data re-use Identify resources needed to achieve the technical plan Ensure continued priorities and leadership for technical infrastructure Implement BHL 2020 Technical Priority Plan (Biodiversity Heritage Library 2020). The principle of our work is to adapt BHL to current technological, scientific and social developments in order to provide the global community with the best possible research tool for biodiversity research and to enhance the achievement of the SDGs.

Circulating Communities Online: The Case of the Kauhajoki School Shooting

The shrinking world: skin considerations in a global community