Abstract
This paper proposes an expeditious methodology that provides hourly assessments of the effect of intermittent wind and solar power generation on the electrical quantities characterizing power systems. Currents are measured via circuit breakers to confirm the correct sizing of devices based on their rated currents. Nodal voltage magnitudes are assessed for compliance with limits imposed by regulatory authorities, whereas the active power produced by hydroelectrical generators is assessed for reserve energy. The proposed methodology leverages a fuzzy extended deterministic optimal power flow that uses in power balance equations the average hourly values of active power generated by wind and solar sources as well as hourly energy load. The power grid is modeled at the substation level to directly obtain power flow through circuit breakers. Uncertainties in power system electrical quantities are assessed for an optimal solution using a Taylor series associated with deviations from the average values of the active power produced by the wind and solar sources. These deviations are represented using a fuzzy triangular model reflecting the approximations of the probability density functions of these powers. The methodology takes into account a subjective investigation that focuses on the qualitative characteristic of these energy sources’ behaviors.
Highlights
The challenges of the expansion and operation of Electrical Power Systems (EPS) have intensified over time owing to the incessant increase in the complexity of these systems
As the qualitative average values of the active power produced by these sources Pgwin and Pgsol were considered in the optimal solution of the ED-Optimal power flow (OPF) of the first stage (Equation (2)), it is possible to define the fuzzy variables of the other system electrical quantities as a function of the fuzzy variables ∆Pgwin and ∆Pgsol
Deterministic Optimum Power Flow allows for the assessment of the impact of the active power uncertainties produced by the wind and solar energy sources in the electrical quantities of energy systems, for each hour of the day
Summary
The challenges of the expansion and operation of Electrical Power Systems (EPS) have intensified over time owing to the incessant increase in the complexity of these systems. Another promising application of the OPF has been the inclusion of switch and circuit breaker representation, hereinafter referred to as switchable branches, in power grid modeling. The first stage solves a deterministic OPF with extended formulation, referred to as ED-OPF, that is capable of processing modeled power grids at the substation level In this first stage, the average values of the active power generated by wind and solar energy sources are used as input data together with the data referring to hourly load curves. These results are essential to ascertain the correct sizing of the rated current of these devices
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