Abstract
Evolutionary research is guided by the scientific basis of organism evolution. To overcome the limitations of being partial and subjective in the tree of life or phylogenetic system, the authors proposed a basic principle of organism evolution, evolutionary continuity principle. Based on this principle, the evolutions can be divided into two basic forms: vertical evolution and horizontal evolution. The vertical evolution is that evolution of the structures and features of organisms from non-existent to entirety, from simple to complex, or from primitive to advanced. The evolutionary course of vertical evolution can be divided into two or three significantly different phases, such as plants: the non-vascular → the vascular, non-seed → Gymnospermophyta→ Fructophyta, and the animals: Proenteratozoa → Coelenteratozoa → Euenterata, Prochordatozoa → Chordatozoa → Vertebrognathozoa. The horizontal evolution is that evolution of structures and features from loose to compact, from inefficient to efficient, or from primitive to advanced, which can also cause significant organism changes, such as Nudembryophyta (Plantae) → Proenteratozoa (Animalia), Bacterophyla → Acytophyla. Based on the continuity principle, the new evolutionary taxonomical system of divisions was established and the evolutionary diagram was drawn. The new system includes 20 divisions in three kingdoms, and 11 of those divisions are new. These are: I. Regnum Microbia D. L. Fu: 1.Cyanoalgophyla D. L. Fu & H. Fu, phyl. nov., 2. Bacterophyla D. L. Fu & H. Fu, phyl. nov., 3. Acytophyla D. L. Fu, 4.Monoalgophyla D. L. Fu & H. Fu, phyl. nov., 5. Monomycophyla D. L. Fu & H. Fu, phyl. nov., 6.Eualgophyla D. L. Fu & H. Fu, phyl. nov., 7. Fungophyla D. L. Fu & H. Fu, phyl. nov.; II. Regnum Plantae L. emend. D. L. Fu: 8. Nudembryophyta D. L. Fu, 9.Bryophyta, 10. Pteridophyta, 11. Gymnospermophyta D. L. Fu & H. Fu, phyl.nov., 12. Fructophyta D. L. Fu & H. Fu, phyl. nov.; III. Regnum Animalia L. emend. D. L. Fu: 13. Proenteratozoa D. L. Fu & H. Fu, phyl. nov., 14. Coelenteratozoa, 15.Nematozoa, 16. Annelidozoa, 17. Arthropodozoa, 18. Prochordatozoa D. L. Fu & H. Fu, phyl. nov., 19. Chordatozoa, 20.Vertebrognathozoa D. L. Fu & H. Fu, phyl. nov.. The new evolutionary theory, new evolutionary taxa and new evolutionary system can provide scientific bases for Evolutionomy, a new science of organism evolution.
Highlights
Almost all evolutionary researches of organisms were guided by the tree of life or phylogenetic system
The worst of all, the system is unnatural for Archaea including very simple beings of prokarya survived in special niches, Bacteria very simple ones, but Eukarya including very large quantity and mixed organisms of three kingdoms of Microbia D
How to overcome the limitations of being partial and subjective in the tree of life or phylogenetic system, the authors proposed a basic principle of organism evolution, evolutionary continuity principle
Summary
Almost all evolutionary researches of organisms were guided by the tree of life or phylogenetic system. The tree of life was a description of the evolutionary theory of natural selection principle by Charles Robert Darwin [1] in The Origin of Species as that the affinities of all the beings of the same class have sometimes been represented by a great tree. Why did Darwin restrict the tree of life in the beings of the same class? Because it is impossible to obtain the sequences of all beings of the same class throughout all time and space, so phylogenetic system being partial sometimes. The phylogenetic relationships among three superkingdoms are clear, the evolutionary relationships looking like Archaea→ Bacteria → Eukarya are inauthentic. How to overcome the limitations of being partial and subjective in the tree of life or phylogenetic system, the authors proposed a basic principle of organism evolution, evolutionary continuity principle
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