Abstract
The mammalian calvarial vault is an ancient and highly conserved structure among species, however, the mechanisms governing osteogenesis of the calvarial vault and how they might be conserved across mammalian species remain unclear. The aim of this study was to determine if regional differences in osteogenic potential of the calvarial vault, first described in mice, extend to humans. We derived human frontal and parietal osteoblasts from fetal calvarial tissue, demonstrating enhanced osteogenic potential both in vitro and in vivo of human frontal derived osteoblasts compared to parietal derived osteoblasts. Furthermore, we found shared differential signaling patterns in the canonical WNT, TGF-β, BMP, and FGF pathways previously described in the mouse to govern these regional differences in osteogenic potential. Taken together, our findings unveil evolutionary conserved similarities both at functional and molecular level between the mouse and human calvarial bones, providing further support that studies employing mouse models, are suitable for translational studies to human.
Highlights
The vertebrate skull comprises the neuro-cranium, the viscero-cranium, the sclerotomal occipital region and the dermal skull roof
Our previous work unveiling distinct differences between the osteoskeletal ability of the neural crest-derived mouse calvarial frontal bone and mesoderm-derived parietal bone, as well derived osteoblasts, prompted us to investigate whether these differences are evolutionarily conserved in the same human calvarial bones as well
Our previous work characterizing the osteoskeletal potential of the neural crest-derived frontal bone and mesoderm-derived parietal bone in mouse, established the increased osteogenic potential of the neural crestderived frontal bone compared to the mesoderm-derived parietal bone (Quarto et al, 2010)
Summary
The vertebrate skull comprises the neuro-cranium, the viscero-cranium, the sclerotomal occipital region and the dermal skull roof. The neuro-cranium is composed of the skull base comprising cartilaginous parts, sensory capsules and the central part of the skull roof. The viscero-cranium (or splanchnocranium), the pharyngeal arch skeletons forming the face, composes the jaw, supporting the feeding structures (Morriss-Kay, 2001). The neuro-cranium and viscerocranium contain cartilaginous elements comprising the chondrocranium. The vertebrate dermal skull roof is an ancient structure, protecting the brain and extending laterally to the sides. Description of the skull roof can be found as early as in species like agnathan fossil fishes, a species remnant of a primitive offshoot of the vertebrates (Caputo Barucchi et al, 2013). The skull roof includes the intramembranous paired-frontal, paired-parietal and postparietal bones, adding the squamosal bone, a part of the sphenoid and the supraoccipital bone, this
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