Abstract
A photometric procedure for the determination of ClO− in tap water employing a miniaturized multicommuted flow analysis setup and an LED-based photometer is described. The analytical procedure was implemented using leucocrystal violet (LCV; 4,4′,4′′-methylidynetris (N,N-dimethylaniline), C25H31N3) as a chromogenic reagent. Solenoid micropumps employed for solutions propelling were assembled together with the photometer in order to compose a compact unit of small dimensions. After control variables optimization, the system was applied for the determination of ClO− in samples of tap water, and aiming accuracy assessment samples were also analyzed using an independent method. Applying the paired t-test between results obtained using both methods, no significant difference at the 95% confidence level was observed. Other useful features include low reagent consumption, 2.4 μg of LCV per determination, a linear response ranging from 0.02 up to 2.0 mg L−1 ClO−, a relative standard deviation of 1.0% (n = 11) for samples containing 0.2 mg L−1 ClO−, a detection limit of 6.0 μg L−1 ClO−, a sampling throughput of 84 determinations per hour, and a waste generation of 432 μL per determination.
Highlights
Since the use of chlorine for tap water treatment was adopted in England in the 1880s [1], water chlorination has been one of the most common disinfectant methods used by waters suppliers [2]
We intend to develop a photometric procedure for the determination of residual chlorine in tap water using leuco crystal violet (LCV; 4,4, 4 -methylidynetris (N,N-dimethylaniline), C25H31N3) as chromogenic reagent
LCV has been widely used in analytical procedures, it has not yet been used for hypochlorite determination, which will be attempted in this investigation
Summary
Since the use of chlorine for tap water treatment was adopted in England in the 1880s [1], water chlorination has been one of the most common disinfectant methods used by waters suppliers [2]. Solenoid minipumps have been employed to propel solution in flow analysis systems replacing the peristaltic pump, presenting as an advantage small dimension [24,25,26], a feature that has been exploited in order to downscale the flow system [27, 28]. This downscaling approach seems to be a powerful tool to develop analytical procedure focused to the GAC recommendation. In the research reported here, these features are exploited to design a miniaturized flow system setup based on the MCFA process for photometric determination of hypochlorite in tap water
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