Abstract
As the sensor layer of Internet of Things (IOT), enormous amount of sensor nodes are densely deployed in a hostile environment to monitor and sense the changes in the physical space. Since sensor nodes are driven with limited power batteries, it is very difficult and expensive for wireless sensor networks (WSNs) to extend network lifetime. In order to achieve reliable data transmission in WSNs, energy efficient routing protocol is a crucial issue in extending the network lifetime of a network. However, traditional routing protocols usually propagate throughout the whole network to discover a reliable route or employ some cluster heads to undertake data transmission for other nodes, which both require large amount energy consumption. In this paper, to maximize the network lifetime of the WSN, we propose a novel energy efficient region source routing protocol (referred to ER-SR). In ER-SR, a distributed energy region algorithm is proposed to select the nodes with high residual energy in the network as source routing node dynamically. Then, the source routing nodes calculate the optimal source routing path for each common node, which enables partial nodes to participate in the routing process and balances the energy consumption of sensor nodes. Furthermore, to minimize the energy consumption of data transmission, we propose an effective distance-based ant colony optimization algorithm to search the global optimal transmission path for each node. Simulation results demonstrate that ER-SR exhibits higher energy efficiency, and has moderate performance improvements on network lifetime, packet delivery ratio, and delivery delay, compared with other routing protocols in WSNs.
Highlights
As the sensor layer of IoT, wireless sensor networks (WSNs) consists of a large number of small and low-cost sensors, has been applied to a wide variety of applications with vastly varying requirements and characteristics [1]
The scheme of ER-SR routing protocol is illustrated in FIGURE 3, and the data forwarding process based on ER-SR in WSN is illustrated in FIGURE 4, which includes three main steps: 1) region division; 2) information collection of source routing node; 3) data transmission
In our effective distance-based ant colony optimization algorithm, the residual energy of nodes and energy efficiency distance are considered in the definition of desirability, which help the ant to select the path with high energy level that can achieve high energy efficiency to prolong the network lifetime
Summary
As the sensor layer of IoT, WSN consists of a large number of small and low-cost sensors, has been applied to a wide variety of applications with vastly varying requirements and characteristics [1]. The route discovery process optimization methods try to reduce the number of nodes involved in route discovery, which will decrease network control overhead and system energy consumption. To reduce energy consumption of data transmission, the transmission power control methods measure and model RSS (Received Signal Strength) to obtain optimal data transmission power, which is used to decrease channel interference among sensor nodes. In works [19], [20], various multi-path transmission mechanisms based on source routing technology are proposed for wireless sensor networks Motivated by these recent developments, in this paper, aiming to prolong the network lifetime, we propose a source routing based energy-efficient region routing protocol (ER-SR), to reduce data transmission energy consumption and balance energy consumption among different nodes jointly.
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