An Empirical Approach for the Retrieval of Ocean Wave Parameters from Synthetic Aperture Radar Data

Abstract

Spacebore Synthetic Aperture radar (SAR) is still the only instrument providing continuous two-dimensional (2-D) ocean wave measurements on a global basis. For more than a decade the European satellites ERS-1 and ERS-2 have acquired SAR data over the open ocean operating in wave mode. The ERS acquisitions are currently continued by the ENVISAT ASAR wave mode. It is well known that the derivation of ocean wave parameters from SAR data is not straightforward and different approaches have been proposed. It this study we present a new technique, which is based on an empirical SAR imaging model. The method has the calibrated SAR image as the only input. A data set of 6000 globally distributed ERS-2 wave mode image spectra and collocated ocean wave spectra computed with the numerical model WAM are used to fit a linear model, which relates the SAR spectrum to integral wave parameters like, e.g., the significant wave height. This model is then used for ocean wave parameter retrieval. The radar cross section and the azimuthal cut-off wavelength estimated from the wave mode images are used as additional input variables. The method takes into account the coupling of the different parameters and is based on a least-square minimisation approach. The resulting coupled linear system of equations is solved using a singular value decomposition technique. Disjunct subsets of the collocated data set are used for fitting the model and retrieving ocean wave parameters. Scatterplots and global maps with the derived parameters are presented. It is shown that the standard deviation of the retrieved significant waveheight with respect to the WAM waveheight is in the order of 0.62 m. Other wave parameters, which are of practical relevance like mean wave periods are investigated as well.