Abstract
The role of ice hydrometeor-types in bulk schemes available in the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model has been assessed in this study to simulate two heavy rainfall events reported over the southern part of Nigeria. This has been done with a view to provide necessary information on the convective cloud hydrometeor types and compositions in the area to improve heavy rainfall forecasts with the selection of appropriate bulk microphysical schemes. Results from the statistical validation of the simulated rainfall by different schemes showed that for the first event, the WSM5 scheme with less dense snow ice particles performed relatively better than other schemes like WSM6, Morrison with graupel (MORR_G), and Morrison with hail (MORR_H), while the WDM6 scheme performed least effectively when compared to TRMM data. Conversely, the second event showed that a WDM6 scheme with graupel as dense ice particle performed better than other schemes. Further analysis using a spatial distribution plot of simulated rainfall over the area of study shows that for both cases, almost all the schemes fail to capture the intensity and location of the heavy rainfall shown by TRMM data. In addition, the surface accumulated rainfall area average of all schemes for the first (second) event shows an underestimation (overestimation). Vertical profile plots of mass mixing ratios of different ice hydrometeor compositions showed that the WSM5 scheme contains a greater mass of snow than other type ice particles for both cases, while the hydrometeor path calculation of total mass content showed the WSM5 scheme having more snow mass content than other schemes during the period of analysis in both cases. A pressure-time plot of the differences between simulated air temperature and water vapor of the WSM5 scheme showed that WSM5 simulated the higher air temperature that was needed and water vapor at the mid and upper troposphere more than other schemes. In conclusion, results from this study has shown that less dense ice particle (e.g., snow) and high dense ice particle (e.g., graupel and hail) type-bulk schemes can both be suitable for simulating heavy rainfall events that are produced by convective system(s) that are common in the area.
Highlights
In the tropical West African (WA) region, rainfall mainly occurs through West African Monsoon (WAM) systems that starts from March in the Gulf of Guinea in the southern part through to aroundOctober in the Sahel region
Results from this study has shown that less dense ice particle and high dense ice particle type-bulk schemes can both be suitable for simulating heavy rainfall events that are produced by convective system(s) that are common in the area
The least mean bias (MB) value among the schemes was recorded by WSM5 (4.91 mm/day), and WDM6 scheme has the highest mean bias value as −8.56 mm/day while for the other schemes, the Morrison with graupel (MORR_G) value is −8.20 mm/day, Morrison with hail (MORR_H) is −8.56 mm/day, and
Summary
In the tropical West African (WA) region, rainfall mainly occurs through West African Monsoon (WAM) systems that starts from March in the Gulf of Guinea in the southern part through to aroundOctober in the Sahel region. In the tropical West African (WA) region, rainfall mainly occurs through West African Monsoon (WAM) systems that starts from March in the Gulf of Guinea in the southern part through to around. The majority of the past studies on the incidence of heavy rainfall in WA region and Nigeria have mostly considered its social [3,4,5], ecological [6], and climatological [7] impacts. Very few scientific diagnostic studies, those involving the use of a mesoscale model to study the cloud properties composition that produced such a heavy downpour, are available. Research on the cloud types and its composition over this region have been studied during the last two major international field campaign namely; the African Monsoon
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