Abstract
This study has been carried out to determine the concentrations mg/Kg of the toxic elements (Al, Hg, Cd, Pb, U, Th, and As) and essential elements (K, Sn, Ca, Ni, Cu, Fe, Co, and Mn) using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer, and the radionuclides concentration levels of (238U, 226Ra, 232Th, 40K and 137Cs) using a high purity germanium spectrophotometer in ten of the most common fish samples collected from local store in Jeddah city, Saudi Arabia during 2014. The results showed that, the concentrations of the elements (Al, Hg, Pb and Cu) in all fish samples were not detected or below the detection limit. The concentrations of metals (Cd, U, Th, As, K, Sn, Ca, Ni, Fe, Co, and Mn) were below the recommended limit by the international organizations. The estimated metal dose (EDI) values for daily average consumption were lower than the recommended values by FAO/WHO, and hazard indices (HI) in fish samples were below safety levels for human consumption (HI 1), then this increase is to be of concern for fish consumer. The measured concentrations in (Bq/Kg) dry weight of natural radionuclides 238U, 226Ra, 232Th, 40K and fallout 137Cs in fish samples were calculated. The results show that the activities in fish samples were of no risk to public health. The total average annual effective dose μSv/y due to intake of 238U, 226Ra, 232Th and 40K from the ingestion of the fish samples were estimated to be 6.07 for infants (≤5 Y), 22.88 and 45.03 for children (5 - 10 Y and 10 - 15 Y) and 56.26 for adults (≥17 y), which are lower than the allowed value (1 mSv). The contribution of 137Cs is nearly negligible. This study could be useful as a baseline data for toxic, essential metals, and radiation, exposure.
Highlights
Fish is consumed in many countries because it has high protein supplies, essential amino acids, vitamin, and mineral content
Results show that highest U concentrations mg/kg were in fresh Bagha and Tilapia (3.086, 4.906, 5.075)
The results showed that, the activity of the ratio 238U/226Ra ranged from 0.91 to 2.31, The highest 238U/226Ra concentration (2.31 Bq/Kg) was in the fish samples from frozen Herring (Philippines), and in samples (2, 3, and 9), this meant that there was excess in 238U due to the extraction of uranium from the water or from the accumulation of uranium on gill surfaces. 226Ra/232Th ratios indicate that in fish samples (1, 3, 9, 10) 226Ra was in excess to 232Th, this is due to water interaction with samples. 137Cs was detectable in the fish samples except in sample 1, the highest value of 137Cs content is in sample 5 1.44 Bq /kg and the lowest value is 0.63 Bq/kg in sample 7 (Shrimp)
Summary
Fish is consumed in many countries because it has high protein supplies, essential amino acids, vitamin, and mineral content. Heavy metals from the human activities and resources are continually sent out into aquatic ecosystems, they are serious health risks due to of their toxicity, long persistence, bio concentration in the food chain [1]. Toxic elements such as mercury, arsenic, cadmium, and lead, can cause mental and central nervous system damage. The total average annual effective dose due to intake of natural radionuclides from the ingestion of the fish samples were estimated for infants, children, and adults the estimated metal dose (EDI) values for daily average consumption and hazarded index (HI) in fish samples were calculated to determine and monitor the serious health risks due to the consumption of contaminated fish
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