Abstract
This paper studies the most important co-operative structures of Israel and attempts to assess the co-operative sector's role in Israel's agricultural development. The development of the co-operative movement in Israel has been different both in form and in structure from the co-operative movements of other countries. The most characteristic feature of the Israeli co-operative movement is that it is deeply rooted in agriculture. There are three main types of agricultural co-operative settlements in Israel—the Kibbutz,the Moshav and the Moshav Shitufi. Common to all these types are the principles of mutual aid, nationalised land and comprehensive co-operation in meeting the needs of the individual and the village through co-operative services. All of them are based on integral co-operation, but they differ in their degree of collectivism. There are a few secondary co-operatives (such as marketing of produce, purchasing of inputs and financing) operating on a national scale to safeguard the interests of the collective and co-operative settlements. The apex societies of these collectives are affiliated to Hevrat Ovdim of the Histadrut (The General Federation of Labour). With the help of ramified and variable co-operative organisation, it has been possible for Jewish settlement to gain unprecedented momentum, to preserve its vitality, hand in hand with maintaining reasonable social relationships on the basis of voluntary work and with a minimum use of pressure on the settler.
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