An analysis of electromagnetic waves by a complementary finite element method

Abstract

This paper describes an analysis of electromagnetic waves in a waveguide using the finite element method based on the complementary variational principle. The vector Helmholtz equation is represented in dual forms, in which the solenoidal and irrotational transverse fields are chosen to be unknowns, and they are approximated by the edge and facet elements, respectively. The dual representations are then shown to provide the lower bounds of the eigenfrequencies of a waveguide, with the aid of the complementary variational principle. >