An Analysis of a Storage System for a Wind Farm with Ramp-Rate Limitation

Guglielmo D’Amico,Salvatore Vergine,Filippo Petroni

doi:10.3390/en14134066

Guglielmo D’Amico, Salvatore Vergine + Show 1 more

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https://doi.org/10.3390/en14134066

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Abstract

This paper provides evidence on how the variability of the power produced by a wind farm and its revenue are affected by implementing a ramp-rate limitation strategy and by adding a storage device to the system. The wind farm receives penalties whenever the ramp-rate limitations are not respected and may be supported by batteries to avoid this scenario. In this paper, we model the battery usage as a discrete time homogeneous Markov chain with rewards thanks to which it is possible to simulate the state of the charge of the battery and to calculate the amount of penalties suffered by the wind farm during any period. An application is performed considering the power produced by a hypothetical wind turbine located in Sardinia (Italy) using real wind speed data and electricity prices from a period of 10 years. We applied the concept of ramp-rate limitation on our hourly dataset, studying several limitation scenarios and battery capacities.

Highlights

One of the main problems resulting from the increasing use of renewable energy is its variable and intermittent nature
We presented a stochastic model based on the Markov reward processes that can be effectively applied to the management of a wind farm under a general ramp-rate limitation scheme with a battery storage system
We provided an equation expressing the higher order moments of the accumulated discounted penalty process and the theoretical results are compared with those obtained from real data, showing a good agreement for the first-order moment for all the ramp-rate limitations studied, while the second-order moments give a more accurate result for lower ramp-rate limitations (20% and 40%)

Summary

Introduction

One of the main problems resulting from the increasing use of renewable energy is its variable and intermittent nature. Wind power is characterized by rapid changes that are difficult to predict and cause increasing uncertainty for the production of the electricity in a power grid [1,2,3]. This aspect makes the participation of a wind farm in an electricity market difficult to control because this kind of market needs to provide stable energy output [4]. In our study the time-step considered is 1 h and the cumulated power produced in 1 h gives the energy. When the production of electrical power at the time ∆t + 1 is greater that the production at the time t we have a ramp-up event, vice versa we have a ramp-down event [5,8,9,10]

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