An All-Digital Gigahertz Class-S Transmitter in a 65-nm CMOS

Abstract

A 65-nm all-digital Class-S transmitter with an entire digital frontend (DFE) and a current-mode Class-D (CMCD) power amplifier (PA) is presented. To realize the high operation rate and performance of the DFE, which includes a 1-bit band-pass $\Sigma \Delta $ modulator, a mixer, and interpolation filters, approaches, such as time-interleaving algorithm and modified Manchester encoding, are adopted. The main blocks in the DFE are implemented using standard cells with electronic design automation tools for synthesis and place and route. A CMCD PA with an ON-chip transformer is designed and integrated. This Class-S transmitter exhibits a 40-MHz bandwidth at up to a 1.6 GHz output carrier frequency. Measurements with a 1-MHz channel-spacing $\pi $ /4 quadrature phase shift keying signal show a power control range of −18.66 to −4.65 dBm, and the power consumption of the $\Sigma \Delta $ modulator core is 7 mW.