Abstract
Adding renewable energy to a grid, especially high penetration in a remote microgrid, requires grid integration to maintain stability and maximize the economic benefit of the new energy source. This analysis of integration technologies in Alaska shows a statistically significant increase of around $27/kW in the total integration cost per percent increase in wind energy penetration. This is an initial estimate based on twenty-four pre-project cost estimates and designs submitted to the State of Alaska Renewable Energy Fund grant program between 2008 and 2015. For integration systems incorporating thermal or electrical storage, the average control integration cost is around 66% of the total cost and storage is 34%. Trends that are being used to integrate higher penetrations of renewable energy in grids include demand-side management, excess generation to heat, energy storage with grid-forming inverters, and advanced control systems.
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