Abstract
Great progress has been made in providing convenient wireless communications with easy connectivity for users everywhere. Many empirical path loss (PL) models have been developed to assess the performance of new radio networks. This article first studies the state-of-the-art of empirical PL models, along with vegetation effects on radio signal propagation. Next, an accurate empirical PL model is proposed for fixed wireless networks under challenging rural propagation conditions. The proposed model is based on a Canadian dataset from a wireless internet service provider, using the Wireless-To-The-Home technology in the unlicensed 900 MHz, 2.4 and 5.8 GHz ISM bands and in the licensed 3.65 GHz band. The proposed model considers several parameters, such as line-of-sight obstructions, frequency bands and dynamic link distance splitting, in addition to seasonal variations in PL attenuation. It outperforms other models in terms of accuracy when tested on a dataset from a different Canadian region, and it provides excellent and steady accuracy when tested on a largely different open-access dataset for mobile communication technology from seven different regions in England.
Highlights
Wireless communication networks are a good alternative for providing connectivity in rural regions thanks to their robustness, easiness of deployment and low costs
A successful deployment of wireless networks requires careful planning due to radio signal impairments caused by the surrounding environment, resulting in propagation path loss (PL) and limiting the quality of service (QoS)
2) We study the accuracy of listed PL models by comparing their predictions based on our dataset in four frequency bands below 6 GHz for outdoor Wi-Fi WTTH in Canadian rural regions
Summary
Wireless communication networks are a good alternative for providing connectivity in rural regions thanks to their robustness, easiness of deployment and low costs. Where d is the distance, f is the frequency, PLRMa−LOS and PLRMa−NLOS are the macro-cells path losses in rural areas for the LOS and NLOS links respectively, dBP is the break point distance, h is the average building height, W is the average street width, c is the free space propagation velocity, Hr is the receiver height, and HAP is the access point (AP) height. This model is restricted to frequencies of 1500–2000 MHz, receiver antenna heights of 1–10 m, AP antenna heights of 30–200 m and link distances of 1–20 km This model was developed by the Electronic Communication Committee (ECC) and extrapolated from the original Okumura measurements. This model is restricted to frequencies ≤ 11 GHz, receiver antenna heights of 2–10 m, AP antenna heights of 10–80 m and link distances of 0.1–8 km. This model is restricted to frequencies of 150–1500 MHz, receiver antenna heights of 1–10 m, AP antenna heights of 30–200 m and link distances of 1–20 km
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