Amyloid- β Peptide Assembly: A Critical Step in Fibrillogenesis and Membrane Disruption

Abstract

Identifying the mechanisms responsible for the assembly of proteins into higher-order structures is fundamental to structural biology and understanding specific disease pathways. The amyloid- β (A β) peptide is illustrative in this regard as fibrillar deposits of A β are characteristic of Alzheimer’s disease. Because A β includes portions of the extracellular and transmembrane domains of the amyloid precursor protein, it is crucial to understand how this peptide interacts with cell membranes and specifically the role of membrane structure and composition on A β assembly and cytotoxicity. We describe the results of a combined circular dichroism spectroscopy, electron microscopy, and in situ tapping mode atomic force microscopy (TMAFM) study of the interaction of soluble monomeric A β with planar bilayers of total brain lipid extract. In situ extended-duration TMAFM provided evidence of membrane disruption via fibril growth of initially monomeric A β1–40 peptide within the total brain lipid bilayers. In contrast, the truncated A β1–28 peptide, which lacks the anchoring transmembrane domain found in A β1–40, self-associates within the lipid headgroups but does not undergo fibrillogenesis. These observations suggest that the fibrillogenic properties of A β peptide are in part a consequence of membrane composition, peptide sequence, and mode of assembly within the membrane.