Abstract
A combination of intra-row spacings, sowing dates, and pesticides on cowpea damage and control caused by <i>M. vitrata</i> was carried out towards developing an integrated pest management of <i>M. vitrata</i> on cowpea. The experiment was laid out in split-split plot design. Intra-row spacing and sowing dates were respectively allocated to the main and sub-plot while pesticides were allocated to the sub-sub-plot. The treatments were randomized and replicated three times. Data collected were subjected to the analysis of variance and means were separated using LSD at 5%. The result showed that varying intra-row spacings did not have any significant effect (P>0.05) on cowpea flower damage by <i>M. vitrata</i> at 10 WAS in all the years and the combine except in 2016. Close spacing was observed to record the least flower damage. Early sowing was observed to significantly (P<0.05) recorded the highest percentage flower damage in all the years and the combine (22.95, 22.78 and 22.85). Pesticide treated plots (13.06, 13.06 and 11.67) significantly (P<0.05) recorded the least percentage flower damage compared with the control plots (26.30). The effect of pesticides was statistically similar, however plots treated with Cyper diforce during recorded the least percentage flower damage. There was no significant difference on the effect of varying intra-row spacing on percentage cowpea pod damaged by <i>M. vitrata</i> 10 WAS. However, delay in sowing to SD3 significantly recorded least percentage pod damage (4.89, 14.03 and 2.94) than early sowing SD1 (24.47, 30.14 and 12.74) which recorded the highest. The effect of pesticides showed that plots treated with MaviMNPV significantly (P<0.05) recorded the least percentage damage (6.69) compared with the control (13.08). However, treatments effects were statistically similar. The effect of varying sowing dates showed that sowing cowpea at SD3 significantly (P<0.05) reduce dried cowpea pod damage at harvest (5.55% and 6.81%) than early sowing SD1 (12.85% and 10.61%) during 2016 and the combine respectively. It is therefore recommended that varying sowing date and use of Cyper diforce reduce cowpea damage in the study area and is hereby recommended.
Highlights
The research was carried out in order to determine the effect of varying intra-row spacings and sowing dates and use of pesticides on the damage caused by M. vitrata on cowpea in Sudan savanna
Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 2019; 4(6): 86-93 experiment was laid out using Split-split-plot design with Intra-row spacing (Factor A) SP1; 75 x 20 cm, SP2; 75 x 30 cm and SP3; 75 x 40 cm allocated to the main plot, sowing date (Factor B) (SD1; 02 July, SD2; 23 July, SD3; 13 August) allocated to the sub plot and pesticides (Factor C); neem kernel seeds extract (NKE) (P1), MaviMNPV suspension (P2) and Cyper diforce (P3) and the control (P0) were allocated to the sub-sub-plot
Varying intra-row spacing on post spray percentage flower damage by M. vitrata in all the years and the combined except at 10 weeks after sowing (WAS) in 2016
Summary
[6] reported that nearly 200 million people of Africa consume the crop The productivity of this crop is under threats by many biotic and abiotic factors, most importantly the legume pod-borer, M. vitrata. Pesticides cause environmental pollution especially by non-biodegradable, highly persistent residues, but they off-set the dynamic equilibrium in aquatic ecosystem [14] It affect non target soil micro and macro fauna and flora, predatory beetles, spiders, birds, insect pollinators and other wild life. The research was carried out in order to determine the effect of varying intra-row spacings and sowing dates and use of pesticides on the damage caused by M. vitrata on cowpea in Sudan savanna
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