Abstract
Administered drugs interact with membrane transporters of epithelia, Blood Brain Barrier and other districts influencing their delivery and efficacy. Drugs can also be used as inhibitors of transporters involved in human pathology. Drug-transporter interactions are responsible of off-target effects contributing to toxicity. High Throughput Screening technologies increased the potential applications in therapy or in predicting side effects. These strategies will be helpful in reducing animal experimentation. The identification of transporters important for drug absorption, delivery and side effect production and the best technologies for studying interactions are the main goals in this field. Amino acid transporters are not yet considered in human therapy in spite of their involvement in several pathologies. The function of the amino acid transporters EAAT1, ASCT2, GLYT2, GLYT1, B0AT1, LAT1 and LAT2 is so far well characterized. Some structural data on these transporters have also been obtained by bioinformatics. Interactions of these proteins with several drugs have been well defined at the molecular level. Large scale and, in some cases, high throughput screening of pharmacological compounds make these transporters of particular interest and potential application in human health.
Highlights
The assumption that the majority of administered transporter interactions play key roles in drugs interact with membrane transporters located at the boundary between the intra end extracellular therapeutic interventions in which inhibition of a specific transporter causes beneficial effects in human environment, became accepted over the years and now is well established
Administered drugs interact with membrane transporters of epithelia, Blood Brain Barrier and other districts influencing their delivery and efficacy
In these and in other districts, such as the collectively known as off-target interactions, i.e., Blood Brain Barrier (BBB), membrane transporters mediate delivery of most drugs influencing their binding to proteins different from the primary target of the drugs, which contributes in generating side
Summary
Efficacy (Agarwal et al, 2013; Giacomini et al, 2010; Mandery et al, 2012; Pardridge, 2012). The assumption that the majority of administered transporter interactions play key roles in drugs interact with membrane transporters located at the boundary between the intra end extracellular therapeutic interventions in which inhibition of a specific transporter causes beneficial effects in human environment, became accepted over the years and now is well established This applies both to transporters overexpressed in pathologies such as cancer and to Giacomini et al, 2010; Han, 2011; Huang et al, 2008; transporters expressed at normal levels (Ganapathy et al., Nakanishi and Tamai, 2011). Specific reference to their involvement in widely diffused pathologies such as cancer is made
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