America the Beautiful: Meeting “30 × 30” Conservation Goals Through Connected Protected Areas

Abstract

Listen

Translate article

Protected areas are a primary instrument for biodiversity conservation, and area-based targets have become a hallmark of global efforts with the 2022 Kunming-Montreal Global Biological Framework recommending at least 30 percent of land and water be protected by 2030. In parallel, the United States has implemented “America the Beautiful,” a call for local, state, and regionally led efforts to conserve, connect, and restore 30 percent of U.S. lands and waters by 2030. Achieving these goals is complicated, however, by the multiple policy scales at which conservation decisions are made and governed and the limited guidance provided on how gains to protected and connected areas should be evaluated. We assess the connectedness of U.S. protected areas at multiple scales and find that less than 3 percent of the United States is protected and connected. Connectedness increases when the area under investigation is partitioned into smaller policy units (e.g., counties), a product of the modifiable areal unit problem. Similarly, connectedness values increase by an order of magnitude when assessed relative to the protected area network rather than considering all land area. Both findings support the need for standardized reporting frameworks and highlight the challenges in coordinating conservation goals across administrative units.