Abstract
Previous studies have suggested that arsenic crosses the placenta and affects the fetus development. The study under consideration aims to show comparative ameliorative effect of Moringa oleifera leaf and flower extracts against sodium arsenate induced fetus toxicity of mice. Pregnant mice (N=44) were kept in lab and divided into eleven group from (A to K) and were orally administered the doses 6 mg/kg, 12 mg/kg for sodium arsenate, 150 mg/kg and 300 mg/kg for Moringa oleifera leaf extracts (MOLE) and 150 mg/kg and 300 mg/kg for Moringa oleifera flower extracts (MOFE) comparing with control. The investigation revealed evident reduction in the fetuses weight, hind limb, fore limb, tail and snout length, crown rump and head circumferences well as malformations in tail, feet, arms, legs, skin and eyes in the negative control group (only administered with sodium arsenate). Co-administration of sodium arsenate with MOLE and MOFE ameliorate the reversed effect of sodium arsenate on the shape, length, body weight and DNA damage of fetus significantly at 95% confidence interval. However, Moringa oleifera leaf extract showed more significant results in comparison to Moringa oleifera flower extract. Hence concluded that Moringa oleifera leaf extract ameliorated the embryo toxic effects of sodium arsenate and can be used against environmental teratogens.
Highlights
Heavy metals like arsenic, copper, cadmium, lead, zinc, nickel, and chromium are usually found in water and dangerous to human beings and environment Jaishankar et al (2014)
Phytochemoical analyses of Moringa oleifera revealed that alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids, Phenols were rich than saponins and tanins
This study was focused to explore the effectiveness of Moringa oleifera leaf and flower extracts against sodium arsenate induced embryo toxicity during critical time of development
Summary
Copper, cadmium, lead, zinc, nickel, and chromium are usually found in water and dangerous to human beings and environment Jaishankar et al (2014). Arsenic is one of the dangerous heavy metal and abundantly found in earth crust. It has valency of (III) or (V) and found in inorganic and organic forms. Arsenic is found in oxides or sulphides form of iron, calcium and sodium salts Singh et al (2007). At earth, it is 20th plentiful metal. 53% out of 62 water samples showed the greater arsenic value than the WHO (World Health Organization) permissible limits 10 μg/L. In Pakistan water pollution is major problem and peoples are affected with arsenic through contaminated water, pesticides, fruits, vegetables and other edibles with concentration more than WHO described limits Bahadar et al (2014). Vascular disorders, respiratory and neuropathic disorders occur due to lower chronic arsenic exposure Trevor et al (2010)
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