Abstract
The present study investigates the effect of ludartin on spinal cord injury in rat model. Ludartin treatment decreased the expression of myeloperoxidase and malondialdehyde in spinal cord tissues. The expression of glutathione and superoxide dismutase was enhanced. It also exhibited inhibitory effect on reduction of NeuN-positive cells. The proportion of TUNEL positive cells was also regulated. In addition, ludartin treatment prevented the onset of apoptosis which was evident by decrease in caspase-3 and Bax level and increase of Bcl‑2 level. Up-regulation of tumor necrosis factor‑α, inter-leukin‑1β and I interleukin‑6 by spinal cord injury was suppressed by ludartin treatment. There was improvement in locomotion of rats by treatment with ludartin. Ludartin treatment of spinal cord injury rats improves locomotion by inhibiting inflammatory cytokine expression and preventing cell apoptosis. Thus, ludartin has therapeutic importance in spinal cord injury treatment.
Highlights
Dry eye syndrome is a multifactorial disease of ocular surface accompanying visual disturbance, hyperemia, photophobia and ocular discomfort (Lemp et al, 2007)
The contents of cultivated wild ginseng extract by HPLC had a result of a compound K of 52%, Rd of 34.4%, F2 of 2.69%, and Rg3 of 2% with respect to the total saponin content
No significant difference was observed in the ginseng extract (0.5 mg/kg)-treated group compared to the positive control group
Summary
Dry eye syndrome (keratoconjunctivitis sicca) is a multifactorial disease of ocular surface accompanying visual disturbance, hyperemia, photophobia and ocular discomfort (Lemp et al, 2007). Drugs contain-ing anti-inflammatory agents, especially steroid eye drop, has been the most common and effective treatment of dry eye syndrome. Previous reports showed that ginsenoside possess remarkable pharmaceutical activities in cancer (Kang et al, 2009), anti-inflammatory (Wang et al, 2012), anti-allergic (Bae et al, 2002) and anti-aging effect (Kang et al, 2009). It is noteworthy that compound K has antiinflammatory effect through suppression of inflammation related-genes (Wang et al, 2016), indicating that compound K could be promising drug candidate for dry eye syndrome
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