Abstract
Organic-inorganic hybrid perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have attracted significant attention in recent years due to their high-power conversion efficiency, simple fabrication, and low material cost. However, due to their high sensitivity to moisture and oxygen, high efficiency PSCs are mainly constructed in an inert environment. This has led to significant concerns associated with the long-term stability and manufacturing costs, which are some of the major limitations for the commercialization of this cutting-edge technology. Over the past few years, excellent progress in fabricating PSCs in ambient conditions has been made. These advancements have drawn considerable research interest in the photovoltaic community and shown great promise for the successful commercialization of efficient and stable PSCs. In this review, after providing an overview to the influence of an ambient fabrication environment on perovskite films, recent advances in fabricating efficient and stable PSCs in ambient conditions are discussed. Along with discussing the underlying challenges and limitations, the most appropriate strategies to fabricate efficient PSCs under ambient conditions are summarized along with multiple roadmaps to assist in the future development of this technology.
Highlights
Over the past two decades, third-generation solar cells such as dye-sensitized solar cells,[9,10] quantum dot solar cells,[11,12]Developing clean energy that is readily accessible and deploy- organic solar cells,[13,14] and perovskite solar cells (PSCs)[15,16]able is essential in order to decouple from fossil fuels, which have been developed as alternatives to c-Si technologies
The triple cation MA/FA/Cs PSCs were fabricated under 40% relative humidity (RH) and obtained a highest PCE of 10.57% with total area of 15 × 15 mm2 and the active area of 7 mm2.[210]. Mixed MA/FA organic halide salts were used as additives to prevent the overgrowth of PbI2 from ambient fabrication conditions and to promote the transformation in the step, and a nitrogen gas knife was employed to accelerate the evaporation of solvent and improve the film quality
This review has summarized the effect of an ambient fabrication environment on the perovskite film and various strategies to fabricate PSCs under ambient conditions
Summary
Over the past two decades, third-generation solar cells such as dye-sensitized solar cells,[9,10] quantum dot solar cells,[11,12]. The revised system is necessary due to the increased covalency in metal–halide bonds for heavy halides paired with fluoride and metal-oxide bonds which are used to calculate Shannon radii.[34,35] The tolerance factor can be modified by varying the ratios of cations and halides with different radii Such structural modifications have previously been shown to improve the performance and stability of PSCs and will be discussed in Section 3 of this review. We provide an extensive overview of the most recent developments in PSCs produced in an ambient atmosphere as well as a summary of their degradation processes in ambient environments This will be of significant interest to laboratories without inert processing facilities such as a dry box or glovebox. The impacts of ambient exposure on perovskite thin films, both post fabrication and during fabrication are discussed
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