Abstract
Background: In the present study, we explored the associations between hypomania, symptoms of depression, sleep complaints, physical activity and mental toughness. The latter construct has gained interest for its association with a broad variety of favorable behavior in both clinical and non-clinical samples.Subjects and Methods: The non-clinical sample consisted of 206 young adults (M = 21.3 years; age range: 18–24 years; 57.3% males). They completed questionnaires covering hypomania, mental toughness, symptoms of depression, physical activity, and sleep quality.Results: Higher hypomania scores were associated with higher mental toughness, increased physical activity, lower symptoms of depression and lower sleep complaints. No gender differences were observed. Higher hypomania scores were predicted by higher scores of mental toughness subscales of control and challenge, and physical activity.Conclusion: The pattern of results suggests that among a non-clinical sample of young adults, self-rated hypomania scores were associated with higher scores on mental toughness and physical activity, along with lower depression and sleep complaints. The pattern of results further suggests that hypomania traits are associated with a broad range of favorable psychological, behavioral and sleep-related traits, at least among a non-clinical sample of young adults.
Highlights
For at least three reasons there is growing interest in the mood state of hypomania: First, hypomanic states and bipolar disorders may be underdiagnosed (Angst et al, 2003, 2010): As data from epidemiologic studies suggest, bipolar disorders, including hypomania, might be as frequent as unipolar depressive disorders (Merikangas et al, 2007)
Higher scores in hypomania were associated with decreased sleep disturbances (ISI), and symptoms of depression (BDI), but with higher physical activity scores (PA)
Physical Activity To obtain information on physical activity, the short version of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) was used. This questionnaire was developed by a working group initiated by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
Summary
For at least three reasons there is growing interest in the mood state of hypomania: First, hypomanic states and bipolar disorders may be underdiagnosed (Angst et al, 2003, 2010): As data from epidemiologic studies suggest, bipolar disorders, including hypomania, might be as frequent as unipolar depressive disorders (Merikangas et al, 2007). Instead of clear-cut categories between healthy and inconspicuous mood states and ‘psychopathology,’ research focuses on dimensionality of mental states, where boundaries between ‘health’ and ‘psychopathology’ are overlapping (Akiskal et al, 2000; Angst et al, 2010) In this view, Kirkland et al (2015) showed that the boundaries between personality aspects of extraversion and neuroticism and happiness and hypomania were small, and above all the resolution between well-being and dysfunction was overlapped. We explored the associations between hypomania, symptoms of depression, sleep complaints, physical activity and mental toughness The latter construct has gained interest for its association with a broad variety of favorable behavior in both clinical and non-clinical samples
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