Alterations in Carbohydrate and Lipid Metabolism Induced by a Diet Rich in Coconut Oil and Cholesterol in a Rat Model

Abstract

Objective: The type of dietary fat as well as the amount of cholesterol occurring in the diet have been associated with several metabolic disorders. Thus, the aim of the present study was to investigate the influence of a hypercholesterolemic diet enriched with coconut oil and cholesterol on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in a rat model.Methods: Twenty male Wistar rats weighing about 190 g were assigned to two dietary groups. One group received a semipurified control diet and the other was given a diet enriched in coconut oil (25% by weight) and cholesterol (1% by weight) for 26 days.Results: Our results indicated a significant increase in serum total cholesterol (+285%; p<0.001), low-density lipoproteins (+154%; p<0.01), liver cholesterol (+1509%; p<0.001), as well as a significant increase in liver weight (+46%; p<0.001) in those rats fed the hypercholesterolemia-inducing diet as compared to controls. Moreover, a significant decrease in serum high-density lipoproteins (−67%; p<0.001), triacylglycerols levels (−33%; p<0.05), and abdominal fat weight (−39%; p<0.01) were found. The observed alterations in serum lipid and lipoprotein profile resembled a situation of type IIa hyperlipidemia in humans. Measurement of several enzymes concerned with lipid utilization revealed a significant increase in 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase activity (+68%; p<0.01) in the liver of animals fed the hypercholesterolemic diet, while a significant reduction in plasma lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase activity (−66%; p<0.001) was found. The situation of hypoglycemia (−18%; p<0.05) was accompanied by lower levels of serum insulin (−45%; p<0.01) and liver glycogen (−30%; p<0.05) in the hypercholesterolemic rats. Furthermore, glucose utilization was altered since lower glucose-6-Pase (−33%; p<0.05) and increased glucokinase (+212%; p<0.001) activities in the liver were found in the rat model of hypercholesterolemia.Conclusion: These results provide new evidence that a diet-induced hypercholesterolemia in rats is associated with several adaptative changes in carbohydrate metabolism. These findings may be of importance not only considering the role of western diets on cholesterogenesis, but also in other metabolic disturbances involving lipid and carbohydrate metabolism.