Alphataxin, a Small-molecule Drug that Elevates Tumor-infiltrating CD4+ T Cells, in Combination with Anti-PD-1 Therapy, Suppresses Murine Renal Cancer and Metastasis

Abstract

Abstract By promoting the cytotoxic function of CD8+ T cells, immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy, e.g. programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1), effectively inhibits tumor growth in renal cell carcinoma. Yet, as many as 87% of cancer patients do not respond to immune checkpoint therapy. The function of cytotoxic CD8+ T cells integrally relies on CD4+ T helper cells. Remarkably, despite advances in immunotherapy, there are no pharmaceutical treatments that increase circulating CD4+ T cell counts. Nor has there been much attention given to tumor-infiltrating CD4+ T cells. The orally available small-molecule drug Alphataxin targets a pathway that regulates the number of circulating CD4+ T cells. We aimed to examine how Alphataxin affected tumor growth in a murine model of renal cell carcinoma. Alphataxin, in combination with anti-PD-1 antibody, significantly elevated the ratio of circulating and tumor-infiltrating CD4+/CD8+ T cells. In one study, following orthotopic implantation of syngeneic renal cell carcinoma, combination treatment resulted in 100% regression of tumor growth. Moreover, in mice implanted orthotopically with one log more tumor cells, doubling Alphataxin dose in combination treatment led to 100% regression in one-third of mice and 81% suppression of tumor growth in the remaining two-thirds of mice. Lung metastasis was evident in all mice except combination-treated mice. Orally available Alphataxin, the first and only drug developed to increase CD4+ T cells, in combination with anti-PD-1, is a powerful therapeutic method that provides long-term remission in renal cell carcinoma and potentially other T cell-responsive cancers by increasing the number of CD4+ tumor-infiltrating T cells.