Abstract
An optimal allocation of centralized district-scale distributed energy resource (DER) systems with district heating and cooling network (DHCN) is studied. A generic mixed integer linear programming (MILP) model is constructed to increase the system efficiency and decrease costs by reducing energy distribution losses and transportation costs in energy distribution network. Initial investment costs based on size and type (co/trigeneration) of the facility and demand-weighted transportation costs are minimized by the capacitated fixed charge facility location (FCFL) model. However, unlike the standard FCFL model, by adding the maximum coverage distance in the set covering problem, a new method has been proposed. Thus, its aim is to avoid assigning a demand point to a candidate facility from a point farther than the predetermined distance. That means that the weakness of disregarding the distance between supply and demand points in the FCFL problem is eliminated. Additionally, this model, in which the annual inputs are used, has a generic framework suitable to form infrastructure needs in consideration of distributed energy systems in the general planning level for sustainable urban planning. For this purpose, the applications of the model, both case study and tests, have been made over wide areas, with annual demand and capacity values. Consequently, a case study with different coverage distances has been conducted to see the effect of coverage distance on the model, and also test problems with different sizes have been carried out to demonstrate the capability of the proposed model.
Highlights
The prominence of effective energy generation is clearer when the intense environmental pollution created by the conventional energy generation process is taken into account
With an electricity generation unit located at or near end users, it is aimed at reducing transmission losses significantly, and simultaneous generation systems, cogeneration or trigeneration systems, cause high thermodynamic efficiency and primary energy saving as well as reducing gas emissions because of utilization of exhaust heat
International Energy Agency has foreseen that the annual distributed electricity generation will increase by 4.2% from 2000 to 2030 and reach 35 GW by 2030 [3]
Summary
The prominence of effective energy generation is clearer when the intense environmental pollution created by the conventional energy generation process is taken into account. Bracco et al [17] proposed a MILP model determining the design and the operation of a CHP distributed generation system in an urban area in order to minimize both annual costs and CO2 emissions Later they extended their model to a general mathematical model, to optimally design a distributed energy system composed of different technologies that provide heating, cooling, and electricity to a set of buildings [18]. It is aimed at minimizing the energy transmission losses and the transportation costs with eliminating the weakness of disregarding the distance between the customer and the facility in the FCFL problem This model, based on annual demand values over wide areas, could be considered as a useful tool for general planning level of spatial urban planning process in which distributed energy systems are involved.
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