Abstract
In Europe, a new population of patients developing anaphylaxis to goat’s/sheep’s milk associated to tolerance to cow’s milk has recently appeared. Nevertheless, among these patients, some show allergic reactions to cow’s milk cheeses but these reactions are less severe than those directed against goat’s/sheep’s milk. The objective of the study was to the molecular determinants of the reactivity of this category of patients toward goat’s/sheep’s milk and cow’s milk cheese. Western blots with either monoclonal antibodies specific of each casein or patients sera were performed. We confirmed that goat caseins are the main allergen recognized by patients with goat’s/sheep’s milk anaphylaxis. Patients IgE recognized also strongly and mainly bovine κ-casein 1-105 peptide which is present in cow’s milk cheese but not in cow’s milk. This peptide is generated by cleavage of κ-casein by chymosin during cheese fabrication. The reactivity of patients with anaphylaxis to goat’s/sheep’s milk toward cow’s milk cheese is due to the presence of an epitope in bovine κcasein 1-105 peptide, epitope absent or not accessible in full-length bovine κ-casein.
Highlights
Allergy to cow’s milk (CM) protein is a major cause of food allergy in infants (Dubuisson et al, 2002)
Whereas CM allergy (CMA) appears in the first months of life and in most of the cases disappears by the age of three, goat and sheep’s milks (G/s milk (SM)) allergy appears later and is persistent (AhLeung et al, 2006)
We report that the molecular basis of the reactivity to CM cheese of patients with severe G/SM allergy (G/SMA) but tolerating CM is an epitope included in 1-105 peptide of bovine -casein but absent in the full-length protein
Summary
Allergy to cow’s milk (CM) protein is a major cause of food allergy in infants (Dubuisson et al, 2002). The large majority of patients with CM allergy (CMA) react against goat and sheep’s milks (G/SM) (Restani et al, 1999) This strong cross-reactivity can be explained by the high degree of sequence homology between the main G/SM and CM allergens: βlactoglobulin (Bos d5); α-lactalbumin (Bos d4) and caseins (αS1, αS2, β and κ) (Bos d8) (Table 1). The role of caseins in this reactivity seems to be predominant as compared to that of β-lactoglobulin or αlactalbumin (Umpiérrez et al, 1999; AhLeung et al, 2006; Muñoz Martín et al, 2004; Viñas et al, 2012) This observation is not surprising because sequence homology between bovine β-lactoglobulin and αlactalbumin (Table 1) with goat/sheep’s corresponding proteins is very high (95%). We report that the molecular basis of the reactivity to CM cheese of patients with severe G/SMA but tolerating CM is an epitope included in 1-105 peptide of bovine -casein but absent in the full-length protein
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