Abstract
The detrimental effects of acute alcohol intoxication and long-term alcohol (ab)use on cognition are well-known. Yet, only little is known about the cognitive effects of an acute alcohol hangover, even though it might affect executive functions associated with workplace performance or driving skills. Given that alcohol hangover may increase the speed of information accumulation, we assessed the behavioral effects of conflict load (induced by a subliminal prime) on cognitive control, as assessed via the Flanker effect. We employed a counter-balanced within-subject design, where n = 25 healthy young males were tested once after a sober night and once after a night of experimentally induced heavy drinking of cheap brandy/red wine (2.6375 g alcohol per estimated liter of body water within 2–3 h). Alcohol hangover neither increased the cognitive conflicts induced by consciously processed distractors alone (i.e., the Flanker effect), nor modulated conflict adaptation (i.e., the Gratton effect). Instead, hangover potentiated the detrimental effects of conflicting subliminal primes on top-down cognitive conflicts. This effect was likely due to an increase in the speed of information accumulation from visual stimuli and the resulting increase in subliminal conflict load induced by incompatible primes. We further found the size of this effect to be positively correlated with age and subjective sleepiness during the hangover state, but the hangover effect remained significant even after correcting for those covariates. We further found no correlation of the behavioral effect with the subjective overall rating of hangover symptoms or the maximal breath alcohol concentration reached during prior intoxication. Taken together, our findings suggest that alcohol hangover may affect cognitive performance due to an increase in non-conscious processing of visual distractors. While the size of this effect might increase with age and sleepiness, it is not entirely dependent on those covariates and not necessarily related to subjective ratings of general hangover symptoms/impairment.
Highlights
In many parts of the world, alcohol is a widely and regularly consumed substance
We had to exclude n = 3 participants from the sample as they had shown considerable signs of alcohol tolerance during the intoxication session. They further continued to drink after being released from the laboratory, so that they presented with residual blood alcohol concentration (BAC) values between 0.7 and 1.1‰ when being assessed the morning after the intoxication session
Behavioral Performance in the Eriksen Flanker Task: General Effects From the n = 22 subjects that remained in the sample, n = 6 subjects had to be excluded from the analyses of the flanker data due to showing accuracy below chance levels (i.e.,
Summary
In many parts of the world, alcohol (ethanol) is a widely and regularly consumed substance. Due to the detrimental effects of excessive consumption on both physical and mental health, alcohol (ab)use causes a wide range of socioeconomic and health-related issues that cause great financial and societal costs (WHO, 2014). In this context, alcohol-induced changes of cognitive functioning. The effects of alcohol hangover on cognitive functioning have been largely neglected, even though a hangover does significantly impair subjective ratings of well-being, but may reduce diving safety (Verster et al, 2014) and has been estimated to produce huge economic and societal costs (for review, please see Stephens et al, 2008)
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