Abstract
The association of moderate alcohol consumption and cardiovascular disease (CVD) has been consistently shown in many epidemiological studies [ 1 Maclure M. Demonstration of deductive meta-analysis: ethanol intake and risk of myocardial infarction. Epidemiol Rev. 1993; 15: 328-351 Crossref PubMed Scopus (345) Google Scholar , 2 Rimm E.B. Klatsky A. Grobbee D. Stampfer M.J. Review of moderate alcohol consumption and reduced risk of coronary heart disease: is the effect due to beer, wine, or spirits. BMJ. 1996; 312: 731-736 Crossref PubMed Scopus (862) Google Scholar , 3 Corrao G. Bagnardi V. Zambon A. Arico S. Exploring the dose-response relationship between alcohol consumption and the risk of several alcohol-related conditions: a meta-analysis. Addiction. 1999; 94: 1551-1573 Crossref PubMed Scopus (301) Google Scholar , 4 Di Castelnuovo A. Rotondo S. Iacoviello L. Donati M.B. de Gaetano G. Meta-analysis of wine and beer consumption in relation to vascular risk. Circulation. 2002; 105: 2836-2844 Crossref PubMed Scopus (467) Google Scholar , 5 Mukamal J.K. Conigrave K.M. Mittleman M.A. Camargo Jr., C.A. Stampfer M.J. Willett W.C. et al. Roles of drinking pattern and type of alcohol consumed in coronary heart disease in men. N Engl J Med. 2003; 348: 118 Google Scholar , 6 Reynolds K. Lewis B. Nolen J.D. Kinney G.L. Sathya B. He J. Alcohol consumption and risk of stroke: a meta-analysis. JAMA. 2003; 289: 579-588 Crossref PubMed Scopus (704) Google Scholar ]. In addition, several other, not primarily vascular diseases, are also known to occur less frequently in moderate drinkers than in non-drinkers [ 3 Corrao G. Bagnardi V. Zambon A. Arico S. Exploring the dose-response relationship between alcohol consumption and the risk of several alcohol-related conditions: a meta-analysis. Addiction. 1999; 94: 1551-1573 Crossref PubMed Scopus (301) Google Scholar , 7 Stampfer M.J. Colditz G.A. Willett W.C. Manson J.E. Arky R.A. Hennekens C.H. et al. A prospective study of moderate alcohol drinking and risk of diabetes in women. Am J Epidemiol. 1988; 128: 549-558 PubMed Google Scholar , 8 Corella D. Gene-alcohol interactions in the metabolic syndrome. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2006 [Sep 25 E-pub ahead of print]. Google Scholar , 9 La Vecchia C. Decarli A. Ferraroni M. Negri E. Alcohol drinking and prevalence of self-reported gallstone disease in the 1983 Italian National Health Survey. Epidemiology. 1994; 5: 533 PubMed Google Scholar ]. As a consequence, total mortality was reduced in moderate drinkers [ 4 Di Castelnuovo A. Rotondo S. Iacoviello L. Donati M.B. de Gaetano G. Meta-analysis of wine and beer consumption in relation to vascular risk. Circulation. 2002; 105: 2836-2844 Crossref PubMed Scopus (467) Google Scholar , 10 Klatsky A.L. Armstrong M.A. Friedman G.D. Alcohol and mortality. Ann Intern Med. 1992; 117: 646-654 Crossref PubMed Scopus (435) Google Scholar , 11 Doll R. Peto R. Hall E. Wheatley K. Gray R. Mortality in relation to consumption of alcohol: 13 years’ observations on male British doctors. BMJ. 1994; 309: 911-918 Crossref PubMed Scopus (576) Google Scholar , 12 La Vecchia C. Alcohol in the Mediterranean diet; assessing risks and benefits. Eur J Cancer Prev. 1995; 4: 3-5 Crossref PubMed Scopus (32) Google Scholar , 13 Renaud S.C. Gueguen R. Siest G. Salamon R. Wine, beer, and mortality in middle-aged men from eastern France. Arch Intern Med. 1999; 159: 1865-1870 Crossref PubMed Scopus (194) Google Scholar , 14 Di Castelnuovo A. Costanzo S. Bagnardi V. Donati M.B. Iacoviello L. de Gaetano G. Alcohol dosing and total mortality in males and females: an updated meta-analysis of 34 prospective studies. Arch Intern Med. 2006; 166: 2437-2445 Crossref PubMed Scopus (699) Google Scholar ] whereas excess drinking is unquestionably harmful [ [14] Di Castelnuovo A. Costanzo S. Bagnardi V. Donati M.B. Iacoviello L. de Gaetano G. Alcohol dosing and total mortality in males and females: an updated meta-analysis of 34 prospective studies. Arch Intern Med. 2006; 166: 2437-2445 Crossref PubMed Scopus (699) Google Scholar ].
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