Alchemical molecular dynamics for inverse design

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We present a molecular dynamics (MD) implementation of an extended statistical mechanical ensemble that includes ‘alchemical’ degrees of freedom describing particle attributes as thermodynamic variables. We demonstrate the use of this alchemical MD method in inverse design simulations of particles interacting via the Oscillating Pair Potential (OPP) and the Lennard–Jones–Gauss potential (LJG) – two general, previously studied models for which phase diagrams are known. We show that alchemical MD can quickly and efficiently optimise pair potentials for target structures within a specified design space in the low-temperature regime, where internal energy adequately represents the features of the alchemical free energy landscape. We show that alchemical MD can be also used to inversely design pair potentials to achieve target materials properties (here, bulk modulus) directly, without explicit knowledge of the structure–property relationship. Alchemical MD can easily be generalised and applied to any target materials properties or structures and used with any differentiable interaction potential.